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Antibiotic-Induced Disruption of Gut Microbiota Alters Local Metabolomes and Immune Responses
In conclusion, our study indicated that 3 weeks antibiotic administration induced elevated expression of many cytokines in mouse colon, suggesting that there might be a direct interaction between antibiotics and host tissue. Furthermore, different antibiotics used can lead to different effects on mouse models. Broad spectrum antibiotic enrofloxacin had a stronger effect on the cytokines response in the colon. Vancomycin can induce significant changes in composition and metabolic profiling of gut microbiota. Compared to enrofloxacin and vancomycin, polymixin B sulfate had a weakest effect. The differences observed in compos...
Source: Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology - April 23, 2019 Category: Microbiology Source Type: research

Case Study: Mechanism for Increased Follicular Helper T Cell Development in Activated PI3K Delta Syndrome
This study was carried out after written informed consent from all subjects. All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by the Stanford University and UCLA Institutional Review Boards. Author Contributions MB provided patient care and obtained IRB approval. RO prepared histology images. MB, TT, and RB designed the research. TT and LP conducted experiments and analyzed data. MB made the molecular model. MB and TT wrote the manuscript. Funding Funding for this work came from the Jeffrey Modell Foundation and from the NIH/NIGMS (R01 GM110482 to MB)....
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - April 11, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Behind the (bilateral) fungus ball
A 54-year-old man with AIDS and a history of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia presented with chronic cough and weight loss for 1 year. There was no haemoptysis. He had normal vital signs and was afebrile. Lung auscultation was normal. Laboratory evaluation was unremarkable. Chest radiography revealed bilateral upper lobe cavities with internal densities (figure 1). CT of the chest demonstrated these apical cavities to contain material consistent with a mycetoma (fungus ball). Adjacent pleural thickening and areas of consolidation and fibrosis were also present (figure 2). A CT scan performed 2 years previously showed ...
Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal - April 26, 2017 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Epelbaum, O., Rashidfarokhi, M., Patel, G. Tags: Immunology (including allergy), Drugs: infectious diseases, Radiology, Adult intensive care, Pneumonia (respiratory medicine), Dermatology, Clinical diagnostic tests, Radiology (diagnostics) Images in medicine Source Type: research

Neuromyelitis optica in hiv: a case report and literature review
We present a case and review the literature. A 49 year old lady of African descent with known HIV diagnosed in 2004 – compliant with her antiretroviral medication, Atripla – was admitted with a 3 week history of thoracic back pain, spreading paraesthesia and weakness involving both legs, and constipation. Examination revealed a spastic paraparesis, a sensory level at T3/4 on the right and reduced vibration sense to the iliac crests bilaterally. MRI spine revealed increased signal within the cord from T3–7 in keeping with a longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. CSF was acellular with normal protein...
Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry - November 14, 2016 Category: Neurosurgery Authors: Appleton, J. P., Kenton, A. Tags: Neurogastroenterology, Immunology (including allergy), HIV/AIDS, Cranial nerves, Multiple sclerosis, Pain (neurology), Spinal cord, Ophthalmology ABN Annual Meeting, 17-19 May 2016, The Brighton Centre, Brighton Source Type: research

Pyrexia of unknown origin 90 years on: a paradigm of modern clinical medicine
In 1925, Sir Thomas Horder, a leading physician of his day, gave a lecture, published in this journal, entitled ‘Some cases of pyrexia without physical signs’. The paper highlighted what was already a familiar clinical presentation "which taxes our resources to the utmost". Fast-forward through 90 years of careful clinical description, technological innovation in diagnosis and treatment, emergent infections, novel diagnoses, demographic shifts, and radical changes in the health economy. Sir Thomas would find certain aspects familiar, and others revolutionary, in the differential diagnosis and management of...
Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal - November 25, 2015 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Brown, M. Tags: Sexual transmitted infections (viral), Editor's choice, Immunology (including allergy), Drugs: infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, Radiology, Clinical diagnostic tests, Radiology (diagnostics) PMJ 90th anniversary review Source Type: research

The management of suspected encephalitis at a regional district general hospital
Conclusions Management of suspected encephalitis varied, we need to increase awareness ABN/BIA guidance and address the delay in neurology services seeing these patients.
Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry - October 14, 2015 Category: Neurosurgery Authors: Llewelyn, D., Fish, M. Tags: Immunology (including allergy), HIV/AIDS, Infection (neurology) Thur 21, Parallel session 5: Therapeutics Source Type: research

Tabes dorsalis in the post antibiotic era: never say never
We present the case of an HIV positive 47 year old male with a CD4 count of 400 and an undetectable viral load on HAART. He presented with an 8 month history of progressively severe lightening pains, gait disturbance, tinnitus, hearing loss, and urinary incontinence. He had a positive plasma VDRL with a titre of 1:32, and his CSF was VDRL positive. Whole spine MRI scan demonstrated high signal in the dorsal cord with associated atrophy. He was treated with intravenous benzylpenicillin 2.4 grams 4 hourly for 14 days. Follow up at 4 and 8 months demonstrated marked clinical improvement with a falling serum VRDL titre. R...
Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry - October 14, 2015 Category: Neurosurgery Authors: Osman, C., Clark, T., Ghosh, B., Halfpenny, C. Tags: Immunology (including allergy), HIV/AIDS, Dementia, Infection (neurology), Pain (neurology), Spinal cord, Incontinence, Memory disorders (psychiatry), Ear, nose and throat/otolaryngology Thur 21, Parallel session 5: Therapeutics Source Type: research

Title: The WASH Approach: Fighting Waterborne Disease in Emergency Situations
Refugees collect water from a public tap stand in an Adjumani settlement. © Wendee Nicole Rhino Camp, Arua District. Refugees in Uganda live on land donated by Ugandan nationals. Refugee families are given plots on which they can build temporary shelters and grow crops.© Wendee Nicole Oxfam staff members Tim Sutton (left) and Pius Nzuki Kitonyi (right) with the soon-to-be-repaired water pump in Adjumani. In disaster-affected situations, Oxfam takes a lead in delivering WASH-related services.© Wendee Nicole Hand-operated water pumps are a reliable source of pre...
Source: EHP Research - December 31, 2014 Category: Environmental Health Authors: Web Admin Tags: Featured Focus News Community Health Disaster Response Drinking Water Quality Infectious Disease Infrastructure International Environmental Health Microbial Agents Sanitation Warfare and Aftermath Water Pollution Source Type: research

Associations Between HIV Infection and Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis.
CONCLUSION: Coronary artery plaque, especially noncalcified plaque, is more prevalent and extensive in HIV-infected men, independent of CAD risk factors. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. PMID: 24687069 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Annals of Internal Medicine - April 1, 2014 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Post WS, Budoff M, Kingsley L, Palella FJ, Witt MD, Li X, George RT, Brown TT, Jacobson LP Tags: Ann Intern Med Source Type: research