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Using machine learning algorithms to predict the effects of change processes in psychotherapy: Toward process-level treatment personalization.
This study aimed to develop and test algorithms to determine the individual relevance of two psychotherapeutic change processes (i.e., mastery and clarification) for outcome prediction. We measured process and outcome variables in a naturalistic outpatient sample treated with an integrative treatment for a variety of diagnoses (n = 608) during the first 10 sessions. We estimated individual within-patient effects of each therapist-evaluated process of change on patient-evaluated subsequent outcomes on a session-by-session basis. Using patients’ baseline characteristics, we trained machine learning algorithms on a randomly...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - October 5, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

Prospective psychotherapists’ bias and accuracy in assessing their own facilitative interpersonal skills.
Psychotherapy, Vol 60(4), Dec 2023, 525-535; doi:10.1037/pst0000506We aimed to investigate prospective psychotherapists’ bias in assessing their own facilitative interpersonal skills (FIS) and predictors of high self-assessments. In this cross-sectional observational study, we examined 132 psychology students and trainee psychotherapists. Therapists’ demographic variables and self-concepts were assessed through self-report questionnaires, and their therapeutic skills were assessed with the German version of the “FIS” task. A truth-and-bias model approach was applied in three different hierarchical linear models to ...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - October 5, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

Meaning reconstruction 70 years later: Processing older adults’ unfinished business in a drama therapy group.
Psychotherapy, Vol 60(4), Dec 2023, 573-586; doi:10.1037/pst0000497Unfinished business (UB), when individuals appraise their relationship with others or themselves as incomplete or unresolved, entails difficult emotions such as regret, remorse, and guilt. UB is often associated with bereavement and is considered to be a predictor of complicated grief. Here we report two case studies describing the processing of the sudden death of a significant other in the context of a randomized controlled study of 12-week drama therapy groups for older adults. The intervention followed the format of Playback Theater, an improvised form ...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - September 4, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

I see you as recognizing me; therefore, I trust you: Operationalizing epistemic trust in psychotherapy.
Psychotherapy, Vol 60(4), Dec 2023, 560-572; doi:10.1037/pst0000501Epistemic trust (ET) is one’s ability to trust others and relies on the information they convey as being relevant and generalizable. This concept has received considerable theoretical and clinical attention, suggesting it is a promising factor in effective psychotherapy, possibly consisting of three elements: sharing, we-mode, and learning. However, for it to be used in clinical practice and research, it is imperative to (a) enhance our clinical understanding of how ET may manifest in the context of treatment and (b) understand how the process of change m...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - September 4, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

Asian international psychotherapist’s experiences of client’s microaggression in therapy.
Psychotherapy, Vol 60(4), Dec 2023, 442-454; doi:10.1037/pst0000502Much of the multicultural counseling literature focuses on how White or U.S.-born therapists can work effectively with clients of color. However, with the increasing number of racial minority and international therapists and trainees, there is a need to expand the multicultural counseling literature to acknowledge and center the experiences of therapists and trainees of color, particularly the experiences of Asian international therapists. Specifically, a greater understanding and guidelines are needed regarding how Asian international therapists handle cli...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - August 24, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

Are changes in joviality associated with cognitive behavioral treatment outcomes? Examining an emerging treatment target.
Psychotherapy, Vol 60(4), Dec 2023, 477-487; doi:10.1037/pst0000498The present study expands on the growing body of research on the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on positive affect. More specifically, we explore how CBT may promote increases in the Joviality subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule–Expanded Form (PANAS-X), a measure of self-rated affect that captures positive emotions, including joy and excitement, and how change in joviality may be associated with concurrent symptom change. We utilized data from a randomized equivalence trial comparing the efficacy of the unified protocol (U...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - August 14, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

Retraction of Cuttler et al. (2019).
Psychotherapy, Vol 60(3), Sep 2023, 416; doi:10.1037/pst0000494Reports the retraction of "Productive silence is golden: Predicting changes in client collaboration from process during silence and client attachment style in psychodynamic psychotherapy" by Ethan Cuttler, Clara E. Hill, Shakeena King and Dennis M. Kivlighan Jr. (Psychotherapy, 2019[Dec], Vol 56[4], 568-576) https://doi .org/10.1037/pst0000260. This retraction is at the request of coauthors Hill and Kivlighan after the results of an investigation by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB found that the study included data from betw...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - August 14, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

Retraction of Morales et al. (2018).
Psychotherapy, Vol 60(3), Sep 2023, 406; doi:10.1037/pst0000478Reports the retraction of "Therapist effects due to client racial/ethnic status when examining linear growth for client- and therapist-rated working alliance and real relationship" by Katherine Morales, Brian TaeHyuk Keum, Dennis M. Kivlighan Jr., Clara E. Hill and Charles J. Gelso (Psychotherapy, 2018[Mar], Vol 55[1], 9-19) https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000135. This retraction is at the request of coauthors Kivlighan, Hill, and Gelso after the results of an investigation by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB found that the study...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - August 14, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

Correction to Ryum et al. (2023).
This article reviews the evidence for between-session homework (BSH) in individual psychotherapy. Whereas previous reviews have demonstrated a positive association between-client compliance with BSH and distal treatment outcomes; here, we pay particular attention to therapist behaviors that may promote client engagement with BSH assessed as immediate (in-session) and intermediate (session-to-session) outcomes, and moderators of these effects. For our systematic review, we identified 25 studies with 1,304 clients and 118 therapists, mostly on cognitive behavioral therapy such as exposure-based treatments with depression and...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - August 14, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

Psychotherapy skills and methods: Introduction to the special issue.
This article introduces the special issue of Psychotherapy on evidence-based skills and methods and concomitantly, outlines the purposes and processes of the Interorganizational Task Force that guided the work. We provide the rationale for reviewing psychotherapy skills and methods, define and contrast skills and methods with other components of psychotherapy, describe how to assess skills, methods, and outcomes (immediate in-session, intermediate, and distal), how to link skills and methods with outcomes, and how to summarize the extant research on those skills and methods. Finally, we describe how the research reviews of...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - August 14, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

Experiential training of mental health graduate students in emotional processing skills: A randomized, controlled trial.
Psychotherapy, Vol 60(4), Dec 2023, 512-524; doi:10.1037/pst0000495Emotional processing interventions for trauma and psychological conflicts are underutilized. Lack of adequate training in emotional processing techniques and therapists’ lack of confidence in utilizing such interventions are barriers to implementation. We developed and tested an experiential training to improve trainees’ performance in a set of transtheoretical emotional processing skills: eliciting patient disclosure of difficult experiences, responding to defenses against disclosure, and eliciting adaptive emotions. Mental health trainees (N = 102) we...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - June 29, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

The development of a comprehensive coding system for evaluating insight based on a clinical interview: The SUIP-I coding system.
Psychotherapy, Vol 60(2), Jun 2023, 225-230; doi:10.1037/pst0000491Gaining insight is considered a cornerstone of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Existing tools used to measure insight mainly include patients’ self-report questionnaires and external coding of therapy sessions. To expand on the available tools, the present study developed a comprehensive coding system for the Self-Understanding of Interpersonal Patterns Scales–Interview (SUIP-I; Gibbons & Crits-Christoph, 2017). A total of 55 patients enrolled in a randomized controlled trial received psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression and were interviewed using th...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - June 1, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

Psychologists conducting psychotherapy in 2022: Contemporary practices and historical patterns of the Society for the Advancement of Psychotherapy.
This study updated and extended investigations from 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2012 on the contemporary psychotherapy practices and historical patterns of United States psychologists in the American Psychological Association Division of Psychotherapy/Society for the Advancement of Psychotherapy. In 2022, 475 psychologists (48% response) completed an online questionnaire regarding their sociodemographic characteristics, professional activities, therapy formats, employment settings, theoretical orientations, personal therapy, and career satisfactions. Results showed an increasingly female and aging membership with primary employm...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - May 18, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

Transference and client attachment to therapist in psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Psychotherapy, Vol 60(4), Dec 2023, 467-476; doi:10.1037/pst0000492Although there are theorized connections between client transference and their attachment to their therapists (Bowlby, 1969/1982), limited empirical research exists examining their association over the course of psychotherapy. We thus examined the association between positive and negative transference and client attachment to therapist across the course of open-ended psychodynamic psychotherapy for 49 cases with doctoral student therapists and adult community clients who had at least 32 sessions. Using a Bayesian multilevel structural equation model framewo...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - May 11, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research

Chairwork in individual psychotherapy: Meta-analyses of intervention effects.
Psychotherapy, Vol 60(3), Sep 2023, 370-382; doi:10.1037/pst0000490The present study examines (a) the unique effects of chairwork on emotional process and intervention outcomes across treatments in the context of individual psychotherapy and (b) how these effects compare to other treatment interventions. Based on the appropriateness of the data available, meta-analyses with estimated effect sizes and narrative syntheses were conducted for psychotherapy process as well as symptom outcomes. Single-session chairwork was found to be more effective in deepening client experiencing than empathic responding (d = .90), although it...
Source: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training - May 11, 2023 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research