Intracellular and Extracellular Lipopolysaccharide Signaling in Sepsis: Avenues for Novel Therapeutic Strategies
Sepsis is defined as organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated systemic host response to infection. During gram-negative bacterial infection and other acute illness such as absorption from the gut infection, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major mediator in sepsis. LPS is able to trigger inflammation through both intracellular and extracellular pathways. Classical interactions between LPS and host cells first involve LPS binding to LPS binding protein (LBP), a carrier. The LPS-LBP complex then binds to a receptor complex including the CD14, MD2, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) proteins, initiating a signal cascade which trigge...
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - May 18, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Erratum
J Innate Immun (Source: Journal of Innate Immunity)
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - May 18, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Anti-Fibrotic Activity of an Antimicrobial Peptide in a < b > < i > Drosophila < /i > < /b > Model
Fibrotic lesions accompany several pathological conditions, including tumors. We show that expression of a dominant-active form of the Ras oncogene inDrosophila salivary glands (SGs) leads to redistribution of components of the basement membrane (BM) and fibrotic lesions. Similar to several types of mammalian fibrosis, the disturbed BM attracts clot components, including insect transglutaminase and phenoloxidase. SG epithelial cells show reduced apicobasal polarity accompanied by a loss of secretory activity. Both the fibrotic lesions and the reduced cell polarity are alleviated by ectopic expression of the antimicrobial p...
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - May 17, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
The Efficacy of Posttreatment with Synthetic C-Reactive Protein in Murine Bacterial Peritonitis via Activation of Fc γRI-Expressing Kupffer Cells
Conclusion: Posttreatment with synthetic CRP effectively improves murine bacterial peritonitis via the activation of phagocytosis of Fc γRI-expressing Kupffer cells.J Innate Immun (Source: Journal of Innate Immunity)
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - May 4, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Mast Cells and More
J Innate Immun (Source: Journal of Innate Immunity)
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - April 22, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Interleukin 8 Elicits Rapid Physiological Changes in Neutrophils That Are Altered by Inflammatory Conditions
A sufficient response of neutrophil granulocytes stimulated by interleukin (IL)-8 is vital during systemic inflammation, for example, in sepsis or severe trauma. Moreover, IL-8 is clinically used as biomarker of inflammatory processes. However, the effects of IL-8 on cellular key regulators of neutrophil properties such as the intracellular pH (pHi) in dependence of ion transport proteins and during inflammation remain to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated in detail the fundamental changes in pHi, cellular shape, and chemotactic activity elicited by IL-8. Using flow cytometric methods, we determined that the IL-8-in...
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - April 15, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Innate Immune Cells in the Adipose Tissue in Health and Metabolic Disease
Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, are characterized by chronic low-grade tissue and systemic inflammation. During obesity, the adipose tissue undergoes immunometabolic and functional transformation. Adipose tissue inflammation is driven by innate and adaptive immune cells and instigates insulin resistance. Here, we discuss the role of innate immune cells, that is, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid type 2 cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells, in the adipose tissue in the healthy (lean) and diseased (obese) state ...
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - April 13, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
A Thermally Stable Protein EPP1 of Corn Borer < b > < i > Ostrinia furnacalis < /i > < /b > Regulates Hemocytic Encapsulation
This study provides evidence clarifying the mechanism of encapsulation in insects.J Innate Immun (Source: Journal of Innate Immunity)
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - March 31, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
The Two Formyl Peptide Receptors Differently Regulate GPR84-Mediated Neutrophil NADPH Oxidase Activity
In this study, we investigated the position of GPR84 in the FPR-defined hierarchy regarding the activation of neutrophil nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, an enzyme system designed to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are important regulators in cell signaling and immune regulation. When resting neutrophils were activated by GPR84 agonists, a modest ROS release was induced. However, vast amounts of ROS were induced by these GPR84 agonists in FPR2-desensitized neutrophils, and the response was inhibited not only by a GPR84-specific antagonist but also by an FPR2-specific antagonist. This s...
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - March 31, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
MASP-1 and MASP-3 Bind Directly to < b > < i > Aspergillus fumigatus < /i > < /b > and Promote Complement Activation and Phagocytosis
In this study, we hypothesize that MASPs can recognize selected pathogens independently of PRMs. Using different clinical strains of opportunistic fungi, we have observed that MASPs directly recognize certain fungal pathogens in a way that can facilitate complement activation. Among these wereAspergillus fumigatus– a dangerous pathogen, especially for immunocompromised patients. In flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, we found that MASP-1 and -3 bound to allA. fumigatus growth stages (conidia, germ tubes, and hyphae), whereas rMASP-2 and the nonproteolytic rMAP-1 did not. Bound rMASPs could recruit rMBL and rficol...
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - March 29, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Modelers Modelling Models
J Innate Immun (Source: Journal of Innate Immunity)
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - March 19, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Positive Feedback Loop of Long Noncoding RNA OASL-IT1 and Innate Immune Response Restricts the Replication of Zika Virus in Epithelial A549 Cells
Expression of host noncoding RNAs and coding mRNAs is significantly altered by viral infection. In the current study, we screened the transcriptional profile of human lung epithelial A549 cells infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) by microarray assay. Seventy-nine long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 140 mRNAs were differentially expressed (DE). The bioinformatics analysis revealed that the mRNAs adjacent to the DE lncRNAs were closely related to the host responses to viral infection. We selected 7 lncRNAs from the top 50 hits for validation. The quantitative real-time PCR data confirmed that expression of selected lncRNAs was ind...
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - February 24, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Erratum
J Innate Immun (Source: Journal of Innate Immunity)
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - February 12, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
Novel Strategies to Target Mast Cells in Disease
Mast cells (MCs) are versatile effector cells of the immune system, characterized by a large content of secretory granules containing a variety of inflammatory mediators. They are implicated in the host protection toward various external insults, but are mostly well known for their detrimental impact on a variety of pathological conditions, including allergic disorders such as asthma and a range of additional disease settings. Based on this, there is currently a large demand for therapeutic regimens that can dampen the detrimental impact of MCs in these respective pathological conditions. This can be accomplished by severa...
Source: Journal of Innate Immunity - February 12, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research
