Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS)
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - April 6, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research
Current and future priorities for the development of optimal HIV drugs
Purpose of review
To summarize global efforts to accelerate access to simpler, safer and more affordable antiretroviral drugs and how this has shaped HIV treatment policy over the last decade, and outline future priorities. Several expert consultations aimed at aligning opportunities for optimization of antiretroviral drugs have been convened by WHO in partnership with academic institutions, international agencies, innovators and manufacturers. The increased access to lifelong treatment for people living with HIV also brings about new challenges in the long-term use of antiretrovirals (ARVs).
Recent findings
The artic...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - March 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: SPECIAL COMMENTARY Source Type: research
Human cytomegalovirus-vectored vaccines against HIV
Purpose of review
CMV-vectored vaccines expressing SIV antigens have mediated unprecedented levels of virus control following SIV challenge in rhesus macaques. Remarkably, protection was dependent on nonclassically restricted CD8+ T cells. Here, we review the latest research in CMV-vectored vaccines in both humans and nonhuman primates as well as recent advances in the understanding nonclassically restricted T cells, particularly MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells.
Recent findings
Recent studies have investigated human translation of CMV-vectored vaccines including studies to ensure vaccine vector safety. Other work has fo...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research
Delivery of gene therapy to resting immune cells for an HIV cure
Purpose of review
The utilization of genetically modified T cells to therapeutically target to various previously incurable diseases such, as cancer, has expanded exponentially in recent years. This success now provides the motivating force in applying the same technology for incurable infectious diseases including HIV. The common bottleneck in gene therapy continues to be at the level of gene delivery. Although present approaches adapt the cell to the delivery technology, emerging techniques now focus on leaving cells in their phenotypically resting state. In doing so, engraftment and proliferation potential are retaine...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research
Role of cytokine agonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors toward HIV remission
Purpose of review
The current article describes the current status of the use of cytokines and immune-checkpoint inhibitors as therapeutic strategies toward HIV remission.
Recent findings
Clinical trials using IL-2 and IL-7 showed increased levels of circulating T cells, although no reduction to the viral reservoir was observed. Studies in nonhuman primates (NHP) demonstrated that experimental IL-15 administration increased proliferation and cytotoxicity of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+ T cells, and promoted their localization to the lymph node (LN) B cell follicles. Immune checkpoint modulators ta...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research
Role of T-cell trafficking in the pathogenesis of HIV disease
Purpose of review
Trafficking of lymphocytes into and between gut inductive and effector sites of the gut tissues is regulated by integrin α4β7. Recent findings that describe the central role of α4β7hi CD4+ T cells in HIV pathogenesis, and the possibility of targeting these cells to prevent or treat HIV infection will be reviewed.
Recent findings
Recent reports indicate that the frequency of α4β7hi CD4+ T cells is directly correlated with the risk of HIV acquisition and CD4+ T-cell decline post infection. MAdCAM -mediated signaling through α4β7, in the presence of retinoic acid, supports viral replication in r...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research
HIV-1 reservoir dynamics in CD4+ T cells
Purpose of review
To provide a summary of the recent data examining infected CD4+ T cell dynamics during ART and implications for cure strategies.
Recent findings
HIV-1 cure is a worldwide unmet medical need. Although combination antiretroviral therapies effectively suppress HIV-1 replication in vivo, viral rebound occurs shortly after therapy cessation. The major barrier to HIV-1 cure is a pool of latently infected CD4+ T cells, called the latent reservoir, which is established early during infection, has a long half-life in vivo, and is not eliminated by treatment. It was thought that the stability of the reservoir ...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research
Tissue issues: mucosal T-cell responses in HIV-1 infection
Purpose of review
This review summarizes our current understanding of HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in mucosal tissues, emphasizing recent work and specifically highlighting papers published over the past 18 months.
Recent findings
Recent work has improved the standardization of tissue sampling approaches and provided new insights on the abundance, phenotype and distribution of HIV-1-specific T-cell populations in mucosal tissues. In addition, it has recently been established that some lymphocytes exist in tissues as “permanent resident” memory cells that differ from their counterparts in blood.
Summary
HIV-1...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research
Everything in its right place: resident memory CD8: +: T cell immunosurveillance of HIV infection
Purpose of review
To introduce emerging concepts in tissue resident CD8+ T cell immunosurveillance and their relevance to control HIV infection.
Recent findings
It is well appreciated that HIV preferentially infects and persists in CD4+ T cells located in gut and in lymphoid tissue, yet the majority of known immunological correlates of HIV control are derived from peripheral blood. Instead, tissue-based immunological surveillance likely dictates the course of infection. Recent studies have established that nonrecirculating resident memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells can be found in virtually every human tissue. These cells ...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research
New Th17-specific therapeutic strategies for HIV remission
Purpose of review
This review highlights current knowledge on the dichotomous role played by T helper 17 cells (Th17)-polarized CD4+ T cells in maintaining mucosal immunity homeostasis versus fueling HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication/persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a focus on molecular mechanisms underlying these processes.
Recent finding
Th17 cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity against pathogens at mucosal barrier surfaces. Th17 cells are located at portal sites of HIV/SIV entry, express a unique transcriptional/metabolic status compatible with viral replication, and repr...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research
Perturbation of mucosal-associated invariant T cells and iNKT cells in HIV infection
Purpose of review
To analyze the possible role that the ‘unconventional’ T-cell populations mucosal-associated invariant T cell (MAIT) and iNKT cells play during HIV infection and following antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment.
Recent findings
A substantial body of evidence now demonstrates that both MAIT and iNKT cells are depleted in blood during HIV infection. The depletion and dysfunction of MAIT and iNKT cells are only partially restored by suppressive ART, potentially contributing to HIV-related comorbidities.
Summary
The deficiency and dysfunction of MAIT and iNKT T-cell subsets likely impact on immuni...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research
Follicular T-cell subsets in HIV infection: recent advances in pathogenesis research
Purpose of review
T cells within B-cell follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues play key roles in HIV immunopathogenesis. This review highlights recent findings and identifies gaps in current knowledge.
Recent findings
B-cell follicles are major sites of virus replication and demonstrate significant impairments in the generation of humoral immunity in HIV infection. Follicular T helper cells (Tfh), follicular T regulatory cells (Tfr) and follicular CD8+ T cells (fCD8) play key roles in HIV immunopathogenesis. Tfh and more recently Tfr are highly permissive to HIV, and may serve as reservoirs of HIV in treated infectio...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research
Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS)
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research
HIV/tuberculosis/hepatitis C virus services for incarcerated populations in Azerbaijan and the Eastern Europe Central Asia region
Purpose of review
The tide of HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a challenge for the penitentiary system in Eastern Europe Central Asia (EECA) region. We have analyzed the existing services for incarcerated individuals with HIV, HCV and TB to assess the current situation in the EECA region.
Recent findings
Because of the current criminal-legal system, key risk population with strong linkage to the blood-borne and airborne infections has a high proportion among prisoners. Management of these diseases includes a set of services, such as early detection, counseling, testing and treatment...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - December 3, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: CREATING DEMAND FOR HIV PRODUCTS, DRUGS AND DIAGNOSTICS: Edited by David Ripin and Sharonann Lynch Source Type: research
