Brain Structure and Function gets serious about ethical science writing
(Source: Anatomy and Embryology)
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - April 24, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
The Notch pathway regulates autophagy after hypoxic –ischemic injury and affects synaptic plasticity
This study aimed to investigate the regulation of synaptic structural plasticity by the Notch pathway, by assessing changes in Notch pathway activation and their effects on synaptic proteins and autophagy after HI injury. The study involved 48 male newborn Yorkshire piglets, each we ighing 1.0–1.5 kg and 3 days old. They were randomly assigned to two groups: the HI group and the Notch pathway inhibitor + HI group (n = 24 per group). Each group was further divided into six subgroups according to HI duration (n = 4 per group): a control subgroup, and 0–6, 6–12, 12–24, 24–48, and 48–72 h subgroups. ...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - April 21, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Hippocampal volumes and cognitive performance in children born extremely preterm with and without low-grade intraventricular haemorrhage
Abstract
Children born extremely preterm, especially those with intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), are at increased risk of adverse cognitive outcomes during childhood. The present study aimed to explore the effects of IVH (grades I –II) on hippocampal volumes, and their correlates with cognitive performance. The sample consisted of 94 participants, including 54 children born extremely preterm (19 with IVH, grades I–II), and 40 children born at term. All participants underwent a magnetic resonance imaging study at the age o f 10 (Mage = 10.20 years; SDage = 0.78), and 74 of them (45 extremely preterm and 2...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - April 21, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Superficial white matter across development, young adulthood, and aging: volume, thickness, and relationship with cortical features
This study represents the first characterization of SWM feature s across the large portion of the lifespan and provides the background for characterizing normal aging and insight into the mechanisms associated with SWM development and decline. (Source: Anatomy and Embryology)
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - April 19, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
A systematic review of the neurobiological effects of theta-burst stimulation (TBS) as measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
AbstractTheta burst stimulation (TBS) is associated with the modulation of a range of clinical, cognitive, and behavioural outcomes, but specific neurobiological effects remain somewhat unclear. This systematic literature review investigated resting-state and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) outcomes post-TBS in healthy human adults. Fifty studies that applied either continuous —or intermittent—(c/i) TBS, and adopted a pretest–posttest or sham-controlled design, were included. For resting-state outcomes following stimulation applied to motor, temporal, parietal, occipital, or cerebellar regions...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - April 19, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Episodic memory deficit in HIV infection: common phenotype with Parkinson ’s disease, different neural substrates
AbstractEpisodic memory deficits occur in people living with HIV (PLWH) and individuals with Parkinson ’s disease (PD). Given known effects of HIV and PD on frontolimbic systems, episodic memory deficits are often attributed to executive dysfunction. Although executive dysfunction, evidenced as retrieval deficits, is relevant to mnemonic deficits, learning deficits may also contribute. Here, the Ca lifornia Verbal Learning Test-II, administered to 42 PLWH, 41 PD participants, and 37 controls, assessed learning and retrieval using measures of free recall, cued recall, and recognition. Executive function was assessed with ...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - April 18, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Navigation and the efficiency of spatial coding: insights from closed-loop simulations
AbstractSpatial learning is critical for survival and its underlying neuronal mechanisms have been studied extensively. These studies have revealed a wealth of information about the neural representations of space, such as place cells and boundary cells. While many studies have focused on how these representations emerge in the brain, their functional role in driving spatial learning and navigation has received much less attention. We extended an existing computational modeling tool-chain to study the functional role of spatial representations using closed-loop simulations of spatial learning. At the heart of the model age...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - April 8, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Retraction Note: Comparing astrocytic gap junction of genetic absence epileptic rats with control rats: an experimental study
(Source: Anatomy and Embryology)
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - April 7, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Representational formats of human memory traces
AbstractNeural representations are internal brain states that constitute the brain ’s model of the external world or some of its features. In the presence of sensory input, a representation may reflect various properties of this input. When perceptual information is no longer available, the brain can still activate representations of previously experienced episodes due to the fo rmation of memory traces. In this review, we aim at characterizing the nature of neural memory representations and how they can be assessed with cognitive neuroscience methods, mainly focusing on neuroimaging. We discuss how multivariate analysis...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - April 6, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
The right uncinate fasciculus supports verbal short-term memory in aphasia
AbstractVerbal short-term memory (STM) deficits are associated with language processing impairments in people with aphasia. Importantly, the integrity of STM can predict word learning ability and anomia therapy gains in aphasia. While the recruitment of perilesional and contralesional homologous brain regions has been proposed as a possible mechanism for aphasia recovery, little is known about the white-matter pathways that support verbal STM in post-stroke aphasia. Here, we investigated the relationships between the language-related white matter tracts and verbal STM ability in aphasia. Nineteen participants with post-str...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - April 2, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Preservation of KCC2 expression in axotomized abducens motoneurons and its enhancement by VEGF
AbstractThe potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) is the main Cl− extruder in neurons. Any alteration in KCC2 levels leads to changes in Cl− homeostasis and, consequently, in the polarity and amplitude of inhibitory synaptic potentials mediated by GABA or glycine. Axotomy downregulates KCC2 in many different motoneurons and it is suspected that interruption of muscle-derived factors maintaining motoneuron KCC2 expression is in part responsible. In here, we demonstrate that KCC2 is expressed in all oculomotor nuclei of cat and rat, but while trochlear and oculomotor motoneurons downregulate KCC2 after axotomy, expre...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - April 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Expression of SATB1 and SATB2 in the brain of bony fishes: what fish reveal about evolution
In conclusion, the protein sequence analysis revealed a high degree of conservation of both proteins, especially in the functional domains, whereas the neuroanatomical pattern of SATB1 and SATB2 revealed significant differences between sarcopterygians and actinopterygians, and these divergences may be related to the different functional involvement of both in the acquisition of various neural phenotypes. (Source: Anatomy and Embryology)
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - April 1, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Development of myelin in fetal and postnatal neocortex of the pig, the European wild boar Sus scrofa
AbstractMyelination of the neocortex of altricial species is mostly a postnatal event, and the appearance of myelin has been associated with the end of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in rodent visual cortex. Due to their precocality, ungulates may tell a different story. Here, we analyzed the development of PDGFR α positive oligodendrocyte precursor cells and expression of myelin proteins in the laminar compartments of fetal and postnatal porcine cortex from E45 onwards. Precursor cell density initially increased and then decreased but remained present at P90. MAG and MBP staining were detectable at E...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - March 31, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Central nodes of canine functional brain networks are concentrated in the cingulate gyrus
AbstractCompared to the field of human fMRI, knowledge about functional networks in dogs is scarce. In this paper, we present the first anatomically-defined ROI (region of interest) based functional network map of the companion dog brain. We scanned 33 awake dogs in a “task-free condition”. Our trained subjects, similarly to humans, remain willingly motionless during scanning. Our goal is to provide a reference map with a current best estimate for the organisation of the cerebral cortex as measured by functional connectivity. The findings extend a previous sp atial ICA (independent component analysis) study (Szabo et ...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - March 30, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Extracellular matrix protein anosmin-1 overexpression alters dopaminergic phenotype in the CNS and the PNS with no pathogenic consequences in a MPTP model of Parkinson ’s disease
AbstractThe development and survival of dopaminergic neurons are influenced by the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway. Anosmin-1 (A1) is an extracellular matrix protein that acts as a major regulator of this signaling pathway, controlling FGF diffusion, and receptor interaction and shuttling. In particular, previous work showed that A1 overexpression results in more dopaminergic neurons in the olfactory bulb. Prompted by those intriguing results, in this study, we investigated the effects of A1 overexpression on different populations of catecholaminergic neurons in the central (CNS) and the peripheral nervous systems (...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - March 30, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
