Application of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography in the cerebrovasculature and applicable vascular labeling methods
This article begins with the background of fMOST technology including a widespread 3D imaging methods comparison and the basic technical principal illustration, followed by the application of fMOST in cerebrovascular research and relevant vascular labeling techniques applicable to different scenarios. (Source: Anatomy and Embryology)
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - July 23, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Distribution and synaptic organization of substance P-like immunoreactive neurons in the mouse retina
AbstractSubstance P (SP), a neuroprotective peptidergic neurotransmitter, is known to have immunoreactivity (IR) localized to amacrine and/or ganglion cells in a variety of species ’ retinas, but it has not yet been studied in the mouse retina. Thus, we investigated the distribution and synaptic organization of SP-IR by confocal and electron microscopy immunocytochemistry in the mouse retina. SP-IR was distributed in the inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) , and ganglion cell layer (GCL). Most of the SP-IR somas belonged to amacrine cells (2.5% of all) in the INL and their processes stratified into the...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - July 23, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Neurotransmitter and receptor systems in the subthalamic nucleus
AbstractThe Subthalamic Nucleus (STh) is a lens-shaped subcortical structure located ventrally to the thalamus, that despite being embryologically derived from the diencephalon, is functionally implicated in the basal ganglia circuits. Because of this strict structural and functional relationship with the circuits of the basal ganglia, the STh is a current target for deep brain stimulation, a neurosurgical procedure employed to alleviate symptoms in movement disorders, such as Parkinson ’s disease and dystonia. However, despite the great relevance of this structure for both basal ganglia physiology and pathology, the neu...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - July 21, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
The role of middle frontal gyrus in working memory retrieval by the effect of target detection tasks: a simultaneous EEG-fMRI study
In conclusion, our work deepens the understanding of the neural mechanisms by which visual target detection affects WM retrieval. (Source: Anatomy and Embryology)
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - July 21, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Changes in functional brain activity patterns associated with computer programming learning in novices
ConclusionComputer programming learning among novices induces functional neuroplasticity within the right inferior frontal gyrus but not the left inferior gyrus (Broca ’s area). (Source: Anatomy and Embryology)
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - July 20, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
White and gray matter correlates of theory of mind in autism: a voxel-based morphometry study
In this study, we investigated white matter volume (WMV) and gray matter volume (GMV) differences between matching autistic and nonautistic samples, and how these structural features relate to age and ToM skills, indexed by the Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RMIE) measure. The results showed widespread GMV and WMV differences between the two groups in regions crucial for social processes. The autistic group did not express the typically observed negative GMV and positive WMV correlations with age at the same level as the nonautistic group, pointing to abnormalities in developmental structural changes. In addition, we found ...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - July 15, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Resting-state functional connectivity-based parcellation of the human dentate nucleus: new findings and clinical relevance
AbstractFor years, the cerebellum was left out of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies due to technological limitations. The advent of novel data acquisition and reconstruction strategies (e.g., whole-brain simultaneous multi-slice imaging) employing multi-channel array coils has overcome such limitations, ushering unprecedented improvements in temporal signal-to-noise ratio and spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we aim to provide a brief report on the deep cerebellar nuclei, specifically focusing on the dentate nuclei, the primary output nuclei, situated within both cognitive and motor cerebello-cerebral cir...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - July 13, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Neuroanatomical asymmetry in the canine brain
We examined T2-weighted MRI images of 62 dogs from 33 breeds, opportunistically collected from a veterinary MRI scanner from dogs who were referred for neurological examination but were not found to show any neuropathology. Volumetrically asymmetric regions of gray matter included portions of the temporal and frontal cortex, in addition to portions of the cerebellum, brainstem, and other subcortical regions. These results are consistent with the perspective that asymmetry may be a common feature underlying the evolution of complex brains and behavior across clades, and provide neuro-organizational information that is likel...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - July 12, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Modulation of resting-state networks following repetitive transcranial alternating current stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
In conclusion, the study suggests that multi-session task-associate d tACS can produce significant changes in resting-state functional connectivity; however, changes in functional connectivity do not necessarily translate to changes in white matter structure or behavioral performance. (Source: Anatomy and Embryology)
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - July 12, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Expression patterns of AEG-1 in the normal brain
In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of AEG-1 in the normal mouse brain and found that AEG-1 is widely expressed in neurons and neuronal precursor cells, but little in glial cells. We observed differential expression levels of AEG-1 in various brain regions, and its expression was mainly localized in the cell body of neurons rather than the nucleus. Additionally, AEG-1 was expressed in the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells in both the mouse and human cerebellum, suggesting its potential role in this brain region. These findings suggest that AEG-1 may have important functions in normal brain physiology and warra...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - July 8, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Kisspeptin neuron projections to oxytocin neurons are not necessary for parturition in the mouse
AbstractOxytocin is synthesized by hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons and is released from the posterior pituitary gland to trigger uterine contractions during parturition. In rats, oxytocin neuron innervation by periventricular nucleus (PeN) kisspeptin neurons increases over pregnancy and intra-SON kisspeptin administration excites oxytocin neurons only in late pregnancy. To test the hypothesis that kisspeptin neurons excite oxytocin neurons to trigger uterine contractions during birth in C57/B6J mice, double-label immunohistochemistry for kisspeptin and oxytocin first confirme...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - June 30, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Structural and functional neural substrates underlying the concreteness effect
In conclusion, stronger connectivity amongst functional networks and higher coherent engagement of the right hemisphere predict a greater difference in the verbal memory of abstract and concrete words. (Source: Anatomy and Embryology)
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - June 30, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
Neurochemistry of the mammillary body
AbstractThe mammillary body (MB) is a component of the extended hippocampal system and many studies have shown that its functions are vital for mnemonic processes. Together with other subcortical structures, such as the anterior thalamic nuclei and tegmental nuclei of Gudden, the MB plays a crucial role in the processing of spatial and working memory, as well as navigation in rats. The aim of this paper is to review the distribution of various substances in the MB of the rat, with a description of their possible physiological roles. The following groups of substances are reviewed: (1) classical neurotransmitters (glutamate...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - June 28, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
The hierarchical organization of the precuneus captured by functional gradients
AbstractThe precuneus shows considerable heterogeneity in multiple dimensions including anatomy, function, and involvement in brain disorders. Leveraging the state-of-the-art functional gradient approach, we aimed to investigate the hierarchical organization of the precuneus, which may hold promise for a unified understanding of precuneus heterogeneity. Resting-state functional MRI data from 793 healthy individuals were used to discover and validate functional gradients of the precuneus, which were calculated based on the voxel-wise precuneus-to-cerebrum functional connectivity patterns. Then, we further explored the poten...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - June 28, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
A new 3D myeloarchitectonic map of the human neocortex based on data from the Vogt –Vogt school
AbstractDuring the period extending from 1900 to 1970, Oskar and C écile Vogt and their numerous collaborators (‘the Vogt–Vogt school’) published a large number of studies on the myeloarchitecture of the human cerebral cortex. During the last decade, we have concerned ourselves with a detailed meta-analysis of these now almost totally forgotten studies, with the aim to bringing them into the modern era of science. This scrutiny yieldedinter alia a myeloarchitectonic map of the human neocortex, showing a parcellation into 182 areas (Nieuwenhuys et al. in Brain Struct Funct 220:2551 –2573, 2015; Erratum in Brain Str...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - June 28, 2023 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research
