Distribution of vasopressin 1a and oxytocin receptor protein and mRNA in the basal forebrain and midbrain of the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus)
AbstractThe nonapeptide system modulates numerous social behaviors through oxytocin and vasopressin activation of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and vasopressin receptor (AVPR1A) in the brain. OXTRs and AVPR1As are widely distributed throughout the brain and binding densities exhibit substantial variation within and across species. Although OXTR and AVPR1A binding distributions have been mapped for several rodents, this system has yet to be characterized in the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus). Here we conducted receptor autoradiography and in situ hybridization to map distributions of OXTR and AVPR1A binding andOxtr andAvpr1a...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - October 21, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Causal involvement of the left angular gyrus in higher functions as revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation: a systematic review
AbstractTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can transiently interfere with local cortical functioning, thus enabling inferences of causal left AG involvement in higher functions from experimentation with healthy participants. Here, we examine 35 studies that measure behavioural outcomes soon after or during targeting TMS to the left AG, by design and as documented by individual magnetic resonance images, in healthy adult participants. The reviewed evidence suggests a specific causal involvement of the left AG in a wide range of tasks involving language, memory, number processing, visuos...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - October 19, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Sex differences in activation of extra-hypothalamic forebrain areas during hedonic eating
AbstractPalatable foods can stimulate appetite without hunger, and unconstrained overeating underlies obesity and binge eating disorder. Women are more prone to obesity and binge eating than men but the neural causes of individual differences are unknown. In an animal model of hedonic eating, a prior study found that females were more susceptible than males to eat palatable food when sated and that the neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin (ORX) was crucial in both sexes. The current study examined potential extra-hypothalamic forebrain targets of ORX signaling during hedonic eating. We measured Fos induction in the cortical, tha...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - October 18, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

White matter microstructure and verbal fluency
We examined white matter correlates of semantic (Category Fluency Animals) and phonemic or lexical fluency (COWAT FAS) after stroke, accounting for stroke severity measured with the Nation al Institutes of health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), age, sex, and level of education. White matter fibre density and cross-section measures were automatically extracted from 72 tracts, using MRtrix and TractSeg software in 72 ischaemic stroke survivors assessed 3 months after their event. We conducted re gression analyses separately for phonemic and semantic fluency for each tract. Worse semantic fluency was associated with lower fibre densit...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - October 17, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

No semantic information is necessary to evoke general neural signatures of face familiarity: evidence from cross-experiment classification
AbstractRecent theories on the neural correlates of face identification stressed the importance of the available identity-specific semantic and affective information. However, whether such information is essential for the emergence of neural signal of familiarity has not yet been studied in detail. Here, we explored the shared representation of face familiarity between perceptually and personally familiarized identities. We applied a cross-experiment multivariate pattern classification analysis (MVPA), to test if EEG patterns for passive viewing of personally familiar and unfamiliar faces are useful in decoding familiarity...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - October 16, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Processing of sensory, painful and vestibular stimuli in the thalamus
ConclusionsThe right anterior and ventral-anterior nucleus and the left medio-dorsal nucleus appear to be important for the processing of multimodal sensory information. In addition, galvanic stimulation is processed more laterally compared to mechanical pain. The observed changes in activity within the thalamic nuclei depending on the stimulation interval suggest that the stimuli are processed in a thalamic network rather than a distinct nucleus. In particular, the vestibular network within the thalamus recruits bilateral nuclei, rendering the thalamus an important integrative structure for vestibular function. (Source: A...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - October 14, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Retrosplenial and subicular inputs converge on superficially projecting layer V neurons of medial entorhinal cortex
AbstractThe medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) plays a pivotal role in spatial processing together with hippocampal formation. The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is also implicated in this process, and it is thus relevant to understand how these structures interact. This requires precise knowledge of their connectivity. Projections from neurons in RSC synapse onto principal neurons in layer V of MEC and some of these neurons send axons into superficial layers of MEC. Layer V of MEC is also the main target for hippocampal efferents from the subiculum and CA1 field. The aim of this study was to assess whether the population of cells...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - October 14, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Characterization of structural and functional network organization after focal prefrontal lesions in humans in proof of principle study
AbstractLesion research classically maps behavioral effects of focal damage to the directly injured brain region. However, such damage can also have distant effects that can be assessed with modern imaging methods. Furthermore, the combination and comparison of imaging methods in a lesion model may shed light on the biological basis of structural and functional networks in the healthy brain. We characterized network organization assessed with multiple MRI imaging modalities in 13 patients with chronic focal damage affecting either superior or inferior frontal gyrus (SFG, IFG) and 18 demographically matched healthy Controls...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - October 7, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

FKBP5 intron 7 methylation is associated with higher anxiety proneness and smaller right thalamus volume in adolescents
AbstractDysregulation of stress response systems may mediate the detrimental effects of childhood trauma (CT) on mental health. FKBP5 regulates glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and exerts pleiotropic effects on intracellular signaling, neurobiology and behavior. We investigated whether CT, alone and in combination with rs1360780 genotype, is associated with altered FKBP5 methylation and whether CT-associated methylation profiles are associated with anxiety proneness (AP) and structural brain volumes. Ninety-four adolescents completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and a composite AP score was generated from the Chi...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - October 5, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates action naming over the left but not right inferior frontal gyrus
This study causally confirmed the critical contribution of the left, but not the right hemisphere to verb production regardless of the language lateralization patterns observed with fMRI. Also, the results stress that action rather than object naming is the task of choice for mapping language in the frontal l obe. (Source: Anatomy and Embryology)
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - October 4, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

A depression network caused by brain tumours
AbstractTo systematically analyse and discuss whether suppressive heterogeneous brain tumours (BTs) belong to a common brain network and provide a theoretical basis for identifying BT patients with a high risk of depression and select therapeutic targets for clinical treatment. The PubMed database was systematically searched to obtain relevant case reports, and lesion locations were manually traced to standardised brain templates according to ITK-SNAP descriptive literature. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data sets were collected from 1,000 healthy adults aged 18 –35 years. Each lesion location or f...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - October 3, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Stroke disconnectome decodes reading networks
In this study, we used such a novel method, called the disconnectome, to decode the reading circuitry in the brain. We used the resulting disconnection patterns to predict a typical lesion that would lead to reading deficits after brain damage. Our results suggest that white matter connections critical for reading include fronto-parietal U-shaped fibres and the vertical occipital fascicul us (VOF). The lesion most predictive of a reading deficit would impinge on the left temporal, occipital, and inferior parietal gyri. This novel framework can systematically be applied to bridge the gap between the neuropathology of langua...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - October 3, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Similarity in activity and laterality patterns in the angular gyrus during autobiographical memory retrieval and self-referential processing
AbstractLong-term memory is arguably one of the key cognitive functions. At the neural level, the lateral parietal cortex and the angular gyrus, particularly in the left hemisphere, exhibit strong activations during autobiographical and episodic memory retrieval. In a separate sub-field, left-lateralized activations of the angular gyrus are also found during self-referential processing, defined as higher activity when a trait term is judged by participants as being related to them vs. related to someone else. The question is whether episodic/autobiographical memory retrieval and self-referential processing effects are rela...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - September 27, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Sensory processing sensitivity and axonal microarchitecture: identifying brain structural characteristics for behavior
AbstractPrevious research using functional MRI identified brain regions associated with sensory processing sensitivity (SPS), a proposed normal phenotype trait. To further validate SPS, to characterize it anatomically, and to test the usefulness in psychology of methodologies that assess axonal properties, the present study correlated SPS proxy questionnaire scores (adjusted for neuroticism) with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures. Participants (n = 408) from the Human Connectome Project were studied. Voxelwise analysis showed that mean- and radial diffusivity correlated positively with SPS scores in the right and...
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - September 24, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research

Correction to: Extracellular matrix controls neuronal features that mediate the persistence of fear
(Source: Anatomy and Embryology)
Source: Anatomy and Embryology - September 19, 2022 Category: Anatomy Source Type: research