Cancers, Vol. 13, Pages 4757: Overcoming Immune Resistance in Prostate Cancer: Challenges and Advances
Cancers, Vol. 13, Pages 4757: Overcoming Immune Resistance in Prostate Cancer: Challenges and Advances
Cancers doi: 10.3390/cancers13194757
Authors:
Miyad Movassaghi
Rainjade Chung
Christopher B. Anderson
Mark Stein
Yvonne Saenger
Izak Faiena
The use of immunotherapy has become a critical treatment modality in many advanced cancers. However, immunotherapy in prostate cancer has not been met with similar success. Multiple interrelated mechanisms, such as low tumor mutational burden, immunosuppressive cells, and impaired cellular immunity, appear to subvert the immune system, creating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and leading to lower treatment efficacy in advanced prostate cancer. The lethality of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer is driven by the lack of therapeutic regimens capable of generating durable responses. Multiple strategies are currently being tested to overcome immune resistance including combining various classes of treatment modalities. Several completed and ongoing trials have shown that combining vaccines or checkpoint inhibitors with hormonal therapy, radiotherapy, antibody–drug conjugates, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, or chemotherapy may enhance immune responses and induce long-lasting clinical responses without significant toxicity. Here, we review the current state of immunotherapy for prostate cancer, as well as tumor-specific mechanisms underlying therapeutic resistance, with a comprehensive look...
Source: Cancers - Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Miyad Movassaghi Rainjade Chung Christopher B. Anderson Mark Stein Yvonne Saenger Izak Faiena Tags: Review Source Type: research
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