Exposures of aquatic organisms to the organophosphorus insecticide, chlorpyrifos resulting from use in the United States.

Exposures of aquatic organisms to the organophosphorus insecticide, chlorpyrifos resulting from use in the United States. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2014;231:77-117 Authors: Williams WM, Giddings JM, Purdy J, Solomon KR, Giesy JP Abstract Concentrations of CPY in surface waters are an integral determinant of risk to aquatic organisms. CPY has been measured in surface waters of the U.S. in several environmental monitoring programs and these data were evaluated to characterize concentrations, in relation to major areas of use and changes to the label since 2001, particularly the removal of domestic uses. Frequencies of detection and 95th centile concentrations of CPY decreased more than fivefold between 1992 and 2010. Detections in 1992-2001 ranged from 10.2 to 53%, while 2002-2010 detections ranged from 7 to 11%. The 95th centile concentrations ranged from 0.007 to 0.056 j.lg L -I in 1992-2001 and 0.006-0.008 j.lg L -I in 2002-2010.The greatest frequency of detections occurred in samples from undeveloped and agricultural land-use classes. Samples from urban and mixed land-use classes had the smallest frequency of detections and 95th centile concentrations, consistent with the cessation of most homeowner uses in 2001. The active metabolite of CPY, CPYO, was not detected frequently or in large concentrations. In 10,375 analyses from several sampling programs conducted between 1999 and 2012, only 25 detections (0.24% of samples) of CPYO...
Source: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - Category: Toxicology Tags: Rev Environ Contam Toxicol Source Type: research