The back and forth of axonal injury and repair after stroke

Purpose of review: The axon plays a central role in both the injury and repair phases after stroke. This review highlights emerging principles in the study of axonal injury in stroke and the role of the axon in neural repair after stroke. Recent findings: Ischemic stroke produces a rapid and significant loss of axons in the acute phase. This early loss of axons results from a primary ischemic injury that triggers a wave of calcium signaling, activating proteolytic mechanisms and downstream signaling cascades. A second progressive phase of axonal injury occurs during the subacute period and damages axons that survive the initial ischemic insult but go on to experience a delayed axonal degeneration driven in part by changes in axoglial contact and axonal energy metabolism. Recovery from stroke is dependent on axonal sprouting and reconnection that occurs during a third degenerative/regenerative phase. Despite this central role played by the axon, comparatively little is understood about the molecular pathways that contribute to early and subacute axonal degeneration after stroke. Recent advances in axonal neurobiology and signaling suggest new targets that hold promise as potential molecular therapeutics including axonal calcium signaling, axoglial energy metabolism and cell adhesion as well as retrograde axonal mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. These novel pathways must be modeled appropriately as the type and severity of axonal injury vary by stroke subtype. Summary:...
Source: Current Opinion in Neurology - Category: Neurology Tags: TRAUMA AND REHABILITATION: Edited by S. Thomas Carmichael Source Type: research