Neuro-Immunoendocrine Biomarkers of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Effects in Major Depressive Disorders: A Systematic Review

Background: The therapeutic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with major depressive disorders (MDD) have shown promising results; however, there is a lack of mechanistic studies using neuro-immunoendocrine biological markers (BMs) as an outcome. There is a growing need for precision medicine approaches in biological psychiatry. Several studies have investigated BMs of rTMS in MDD, however, with differing results. The knowledge of BMs provides more information, guides treatment, and provides a deeper understanding of the neuro-immune endocrine effects of rTMS; therefore, we aim to review the rTMS trials in MDD using BMs as outcomes.
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - Category: Neurology Authors: Source Type: research