Mammography biomarkers of cardiovascular and musculoskeletal health: A review

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in both women and men and constitutes a major health and economic burden for healthcare systems all over the world [1]. In Europe, 47  % of all deaths in females are caused by CVD: ischemic heart disease and stroke account for 38 % and 26 % of all CVD deaths, respectively [1]. Indeed, estrogen has a protective role against CVD during the fertile age [2], this protection however tends to vanish during the menopause transition , thus contributing to increase CVD risk, together with other adverse physiological and metabolic changes occurring in this time of life, such as alterations in body composition, lipid profile, and vascular function [3].
Source: Maturitas - Category: Primary Care Authors: Tags: Review Source Type: research