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How to fail with paired VNS therapy
We present a discussion of the concepts that underlie VNS therapy and an anthology of studies that describe conditions in which these concepts are violated and VNS fails.
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - August 16, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Seth A. Hays, Robert L. Rennaker, Michael P. Kilgard Source Type: research

Left or right ear? A neuroimaging study using combined taVNS/fMRI to understand the interaction between ear stimulation target and lesion location in chronic stroke
Implanted vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS) have been primarily administered clinically to the unilateral-left vagus nerve. This left-only convention has proved clinically beneficial in brain disorders. However, in stroke survivors, the presence of a lesion in the brain may complicate VNS-mediated signaling, and it is important to understand the laterality effects of VNS in stroke survivors to optimize the intervention.
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - July 27, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Xiaolong Peng, Brenna Baker-Vogel, Mutaz Sarhan, Edward B. Short, Wenzhen Zhu, Hesheng Liu, Steven Kautz, Bashar W. Badran Source Type: research

Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) can induce functional recovery in patients with subacute stroke
In non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) for stroke rehabilitation, decreasing excitability in the contralesional motor cortex is one of the major strategies to facilitate the brain reorganization after stroke. Previous studies demonstrated that downregulation of excitability in the contralesional M1 with low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improved motor function in the paretic hand of stroke patients. The bilateral hemispheres inhibit each other through transcallosal fibers (IHI, interhemispheric inhibition).
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - May 29, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Ryota Shimomura, Sumiya Shibata, Satoko Koganemaru, Masatoshi Minakuchi, Sachimori Ichimura, Akihiro Itoh, Katsumi Shimotake, Tatsuya Mima Source Type: research

Contralesional cortical representation of paretic leg muscles in individuals with abnormal co-excitation post-stroke: a TMS based motor mapping study
Abstract
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - January 1, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Shraddha Srivastava, Jasmine Cash, Bryant Seamon, John Kindred, Mark Bowden, Steven Kautz Source Type: research

A neurostimulation and multimodal molecular imaging study of the interhemispheric inhibition/excitation imbalance in stroke
Abstract
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - January 1, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Joao Castelhano, Carolina Xavier, Nadia Canario, Felix Ducker, Isabel Duarte, Jorge Lains, Filipe Carvalho, Joao Freitas, Antero Abrunhosa, Miguel Castelo-Branco Source Type: research

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) for the rehabilitation of homonymous hemianopia following unilateral stroke: current evidence from an ongoing pilot study
Abstract
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - January 1, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Monica N. Toba, Alexia Potet, Corentin Gobatto, Krishna Priya Radhakrishnan, Chlo é Stengel, Xavier Corominas-Teruel, Juan Carlos Oliveros Chacana, Chaima Ennouri, Daniela Salcedo Posso, Veronique Barreau, Reda Belgaid, Pascale Pradat-Diehl, Antoni Valer Source Type: research

Transcranial alternating current stimulation enhances speech comprehension in chronic post-stroke aphasia patients: A single-blind sham-controlled study
Aphasia is one of the most devastating complications following stroke [1]. Speech and language therapy (SLT) [2] is recommended for post-stroke aphasia (PSA), but the benefits remain limited. Several recent studies have examined the potential efficacy of combining SLT with various forms of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). While tDCS is accepted by clinicians and patients due to low cost and documented safety, it has not proven effective for improving speech comprehension [3].
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - December 6, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Xiaohui Xie, Panpan Hu, Yanghua Tian, Kai Wang, Tongjian Bai Source Type: research

On the importance of using both T1-weighted and T2-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging scans to model electric fields induced by non-invasive brain stimulation in SimNIBS
Computational modeling of the electric fields (E-fields) induced by non-invasive brain stimulation has become increasingly popular and widely implemented in the past decade. E-field modeling is an informative tool that enables researchers to better understand the effects of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the cortical and subcortical level. To date, E-field modeling studies have had widespread applications, such as informing how stroke damage alters cortical activation from TMS and tDCS [1], elucidating the impac...
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - April 15, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Sybren Van Hoornweder, Raf Meesen, Kevin A. Caulfield Source Type: research

Differential effects of anodal and dual tDCS on sensorimotor functions in chronic hemiparetic stroke patients
Previous tDCS studies in chronic stroke patients reported highly inconsistent effects on sensorimotor functions. Underlying reasons could be the selection of different kinematic parameters across studies and for different tDCS setups. We reasoned that tDCS may not simply induce global changes in a beneficial-adverse dichotomy, but rather that different sensorimotor kinematics are differentially affected. Furthermore, the often-postulated higher efficacy of bilateral-dual (bi-tDCS) over unilateral-anodal (ua-tDCS) could not yet be demonstrated consistently either.
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - March 3, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Toni Muffel, Pei-Cheng Shih, Benjamin Kalloch, Vadim Nikulin, Arno Villringer, Bernhard Sehm Source Type: research

Accelerated rTMS and cognitive training in chronic stroke: a safety and feasibility study
Abstract
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - November 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Authors: Holly Fleischmann, James Lopez, Kevin Caulfield, Stephanie Fountain-Zeragoza, Andreana Benitez, Mark George, Michael Antonucci, Hesheng Liu, Lisa McTeague Source Type: research

Dual transcranial direct current stimulation for subacute stroke patients with compromised corticospinal integrity: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study
Abstract
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - November 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Authors: Shih-Pin Hsu, Chia-Feng Lu, Chih-Wei Tang, Bing-Fong Lin, I-Ju Kuo, Yun-An Tsai, Po-Lei Lee, I-Hui Lee Source Type: research

Protocol of Non-invasive Current Stimulation in Acute Posterior-circulation Stroke with High Risk for Falling (NAPS trial): A Randomized Double-blind Sham-controlled Study
Abstract
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - November 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Authors: JIN-MAN JUNG, Woolim Moon, Sang-hun Lee, Kyung-eun Kwon Source Type: research

Predictive models for response to non-invasive brain stimulation in stroke: A critical review of opportunities and pitfalls
Noninvasive brain stimulation has been successfully applied to improve stroke-related impairments in different behavioral domains. Yet, clinical translation is limited by heterogenous outcomes within and across studies. It has been proposed to develop and apply noninvasive brain stimulation in a patient-tailored, precision medicine-guided fashion to maximize response rates and effect magnitude. An important prerequisite for this task is the ability to accurately predict the expected response of the individual patient.
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - September 21, 2021 Category: Neurology Authors: Maximilian J. Wessel, Philip Egger, Friedhelm C. Hummel Source Type: research

Deep brain stimulation of midbrain locomotor circuits in the freely moving pig
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) has been studied as a therapeutic target in rodent models of stroke, parkinsonism, and spinal cord injury. Clinical DBS trials have targeted the closely related pedunculopontine nucleus in patients with Parkinson ’s disease as a therapy for gait dysfunction, with mixed reported outcomes. Recent studies suggest that optimizing the MLR target could improve its effectiveness.
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - February 27, 2021 Category: Neurology Authors: Stephano J. Chang, Andrea J. Santamaria, Francisco J. Sanchez, Luz M. Villamil, Pedro Pinheiro Saraiva, Francisco Benavides, Yohjans Nunez-Gomez, Juan P. Solano, Ioan Opris, James D. Guest, Brian R. Noga Source Type: research

Phase-dependent transcranial magnetic stimulation of the lesioned hemisphere is accurate after stroke
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can produce plastic changes within descending motor pathways and distributed brain networks [1-2]. It has been proposed that TMS could enhance post-stroke motor recovery by normalizing imbalanced sensorimotor network function and/or upregulating corticospinal output [3-4] but studies using TMS to boost motor recovery have shown heterogeneous results [5]. However, TMS has traditionally been delivered uncoupled from endogenous brain oscillatory activity, leading to indiscriminate application of individual TMS pulses across different, physiologically distinct brain states.
Source: BRAIN STIMULATION: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation - July 16, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Sara J. Hussain, William Hayward, Farah Fourcand, Christoph Zrenner, Ulf Ziemann, Ethan R. Buch, Margaret K. Hayward, Leonardo G. Cohen Source Type: research

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