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Involvement of bradykinin in brain edema development after ischemic stroke.
Abstract Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the Western world. Ischemic stroke is characterized by a rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in the blood supply to a part of the brain. Due to fixed intracranial space, any increase in intracranial fluid volume, or progressive brain edema formation, contributes to further deterioration of the already impaired brain function. Bradykinin increases blood-brain barrier permeability and raises intracranial capillary blood pressure by arterial dilatation and venous constriction leading to brain edema formation. The aim of this paper is to summarize the ...
Source: Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology - April 23, 2014 Category: Physiology Authors: Dobrivojević M, Spiranec K, Sinđić A Tags: Pflugers Arch Source Type: research

TRPM4 inhibition promotes angiogenesis after ischemic stroke.
Abstract Transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) is a voltage-dependent, nonselective cation channel. Under pathological conditions, sustained activation of TRPM4 leads to oncotic cell death. Here, we report the upregulation of TRPM4 in vascular endothelium following hypoxia/ischemia in vitro and in vivo. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, TRPM4 expression was increased at both the mRNA and protein levels following oxygen-glucose deprivation. Blocking TRPM4 with 9-phenanthrol greatly enhanced tube formation on Matrigel. In a rat permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model, TRPM4 was upregula...
Source: Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology - September 17, 2013 Category: Physiology Authors: Loh KP, Ng G, Yu CY, Fhu CK, Yu D, Vennekens R, Nilius B, Soong TW, Liao P Tags: Pflugers Arch Source Type: research

Ion transporters in brain endothelial cells that contribute to formation of brain interstitial fluid.
Abstract Ions and water transported across the endothelium lining the blood-brain barrier contribute to the fluid secreted into the brain and are important in maintaining appropriate volume and ionic composition of brain interstitial fluid. Changes in this secretion process may occur after stroke. The present study identifies at transcript and protein level ion transporters involved in the movement of key ions and examines how levels of certain of these alter following oxidative stress. Immunohistochemistry provides evidence for Cl(-)/HCO3 (-) exchanger, AE2, and Na(+), HCO3 (-) cotransporters, NBCe1 and NBCn1, on...
Source: Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology - September 11, 2013 Category: Physiology Authors: Mokgokong R, Wang S, Taylor CJ, Barrand MA, Hladky SB Tags: Pflugers Arch Source Type: research

Stroke: understanding the differences between males and females.
Abstract Stroke is a significant cause of death and long-term disability in the USA. The incidence, mortality, and outcomes of stroke are significantly different between men and women. As with many diseases that affect men and women differently, an understanding on the reasons underlying those differences is critical to effective diagnosis and treatment. This review will examine the sex differences in stroke in both humans and animal models of stroke and review what is known about potential mechanisms underlying these differences. It is clear that there is a complex interaction between hormonal, genetic, and unkno...
Source: Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology - May 1, 2013 Category: Physiology Authors: Wilson ME Tags: Pflugers Arch Source Type: research

Sex differences in myocardial metabolism and cardiac function: an emerging concept.
Abstract There is substantial evidence that there are dramatic sex-related differences in the incidence of cardiovascular disease, apparently related to the presence of steroid hormones. This is supported by the discovery of steroid hormone receptors in the heart and vasculature. More controversial is the area of sex-related differences in cardiac metabolism and function. A number of human and animal studies have demonstrated that estrogen and testosterone have cardiac metabolic effects. Additionally, research shows females have higher heart rates and various indices of function, including cardiac output and strok...
Source: Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology - February 13, 2013 Category: Physiology Authors: Wittnich C, Tan L, Wallen J, Belanger M Tags: Pflugers Arch Source Type: research

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