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Effect and Mechanism of Sodium Butyrate on Neuronal Recovery and Prognosis in Diabetic Stroke
This study examined the role of sodium butyrate in the prognosis of neurological function in diabetic stroke and the mechanism by which Tregs are amplified in the bilateral cerebral hemispheres. We evaluated the brain infarct volume, observed 48-h neuronal injury and 28-day behavioral changes, and calculated the 28-day survival rate in mice. We also measured Treg levels in peripheral blood and brain tissue, recorded changes in the blood ‒brain barrier and water channel proteins and neurotrophic changes in mice, measured cytokine levels and peripheral B-cell distribution in bilateral hemispheres and peripheral blood, and ...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - June 15, 2023 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Molecular Hydrogen Mediates Neurorestorative Effects After Stroke in Diabetic Rats: the TLR4/NF- κB Inflammatory Pathway
AbstractDiabetes is an independent risk factor for stroke and amplifies inflammation. Diabetic stroke is associated with a higher risk of death and worse neural function. The identification of effective anti-inflammatory molecules with translational advantages is particularly important to promote perioperative neurorestorative effects. Applying molecular hydrogen, we measured blood glucose levels before and after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), 48-h cerebral oedema and infarct volumes, as well as 28-day weight, survival and neurological function. We also measured the levels of TLR4, NF- κB p65, phosphorylated NF-...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - July 27, 2022 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Network Meta-analysis on the Changes of Amyloid Precursor Protein Expression Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection
AbstractSARS-CoV-2 infection begins with the attachment of its spike (S) protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) followed by complex host immune responses with cardiovascular and neurological implications. Our meta-analyses used QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and Knowledge Base (QKB) to investigate how the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) was modulated by attachment of SARS-CoV-2 S protein in the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) and during COVID-19 in progress. Published 80 host response genes reported to be modulated in BMVECs following SARS-CoV-2 S protein binding were used t...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - November 10, 2021 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Intranasal Salvinorin A Improves Long-term Neurological Function via Immunomodulation in a Mouse Ischemic Stroke Model
In this study, adult male mice were subjected to transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (tMCAO) and then were treated intranasally with SA (50  μg/kg) or with the vehicle dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Multiple behavioral tests were used to evaluate neurofunction. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the brain. The tracer cadaverine and endogenous immunoglobuli n G (IgG) extravasation were used to detect blood brain barrier leakage. We observed that SA intranasal administration after ischemic stroke decreased the expression of pro-inflammat...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - October 1, 2021 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Pretreatment of Indobufen and Aspirin and their Combinations with Clopidogrel or Ticagrelor Alleviates Inflammasome Mediated Pyroptosis Via Inhibiting NF- κB/NLRP3 Pathway in Ischemic Stroke
In this study, we investigated the protective efficiency of pretreatment of indobufen or aspirin combined with clopidogrel or ticagrelor (IACT) on cerebral ischemic injury via NF- κB/NLRP3 pathway. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was simulated in vivo by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model, and rats were pretreated with indobufen and aspirin and their combinations with clopidogrel or ticagrelor respectively. The platelet aggregation, cerebral infarc t size, water content, neurological impairment and LDH release were measured. The relative expression of inflammasome mediated pyroptosis was determi...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - January 29, 2021 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Endocrine Dysfunction Following Stroke
In conclusions, stroke survivors have an approximately 2-fold increased risk of developing acquired hypothyroidism, pituitary dysfunction, or disorders of the adrenal glands. These ris ks should be taken into account in the management of patients who have ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes.Graphical Abstract
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - July 2, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Neuroprotective Effect of Phthalide Derivative CD21 against Ischemic Brain Injury:Involvement of MSR1 Mediated DAMP peroxiredoxin1 Clearance and TLR4 Signaling Inhibition
This study investigated the effects of the phthalide derivative CD21 on ischemic brain injury and the mechanism underlying MSR1-induced resolution of neuroinflammation. Using a rat model of 2  h transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), MSR1-induced peroxiredoxin1 (PRX1) clearance in RAW264.7 macrophages were investigated. We show here that CD21 significantly ameliorated infarct volumes and neurological deficits in a dose-dependent manner with a ≥ 12 h therapeutic time w indow. Moreover, administration of 5 mg/kg/day CD21 over 24 h significantly reduced pathological damages, with associated inhibition of...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - April 13, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Calycosin Preserves BDNF/TrkB Signaling and Reduces Post-Stroke Neurological Injury after Cerebral Ischemia by Reducing Accumulation of Hypertrophic and TNF- α-Containing Microglia in Rats
This study was a prospective, randomized, blinded and placebo-controlled preclinical experiment. Sprague-Dawley adult rats, subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), were treated randomly with 0 (corn oil and/or saline as placebo), 30  mg/kg of Calycosin and/or 1 mg/kg of a tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptor antagonist (ANA12) at 1 h after reperfusion and once daily for a total of 7 consecutive days. BDNF and its functional receptor, full-length TrkB (TrkB-FL) levels, the percentage of hypertrophic microglia, tumor n ecrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-containing microgl...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - January 10, 2020 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Osteopontin Attenuates Secondary Neurodegeneration in the Thalamus after Experimental Stroke
AbstractCortical cerebral ischemia elicits neuroinflammation as well as secondary neuronal degeneration in remote areas. Locally distinct and specific secondary neurodegeneration affecting thalamic nuclei connected to cortical areas highlights such processes. Osteopontin (OPN) is a cytokine-like glycoprotein that is excreted in high amounts after cerebral ischemia and exerts various immunomodulatory functions. We here examined putative protective effects of OPN in secondary thalamic degeneration. We subjected male Wistar rats to photothrombosis and subsequently injected OPN or placebo intracerebroventricularly. Immunohisto...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - November 28, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Mechanisms of Acupuncture Therapy for Cerebral Ischemia: an Evidence-Based Review of Clinical and Animal Studies on Cerebral Ischemia
AbstractIschemic stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. As a part of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), acupuncture has been shown to be effective in promoting recovery after stroke. In this article, we review the clinical and experimental studies that demonstrated the mechanisms of acupuncture treatment for cerebral ischemia. Clinical studies indicated that acupuncture activated relevant brain regions, modulated cerebral blood flow and related molecules in stroke patients. Evidence from laboratory indicated that acupuncture regulates cerebral blood flow and metabolism after the interrupt of blood ...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - May 19, 2017 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Neuroprotective Effect of 3-(Naphthalen-2-Yl(Propoxy)Methyl)Azetidine Hydrochloride on Brain Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury
AbstractBecause ischaemic stroke is one of the most common brain disorders, diverse effective therapies are urgently required. Recent studies reported a variety of azetidine-based scaffolds for the development of central nervous system-focused lead-like libraries. However, their mechanisms of action and in vivo functions remain unclear. Here, we investigated the potential mechanism and beneficial effects of 3-(naphthalen-2-yl(propoxy)methyl)azetidine hydrochloride (KHG26792), a novel azetidine derivative, on ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) brain injury. We adapted a mouse brain ischaemia model induced by 2  h of middle cerebr...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - February 27, 2017 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Dynamic Modulation of Microglia/Macrophage Polarization by miR-124 after Focal Cerebral Ischemia
This study indicates that miR-124 administration before the peak of the pro-inflammatory process of stroke is most effectiv e in support of increasing the rehabilitation opportunity in the sub-acute phases of stroke. Our findings highlight the important role of immune cells after stroke and the therapeutic relevance of their polarization balance.
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - November 6, 2016 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Atorvastatin Modulates Regulatory T Cells and Attenuates Cerebral Damage in a Model of Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats
AbstractRegulatory T cells (Tregs) inhibit the activation of the immune response which could down-regulate the systemic and focal activation observed during ischemic stroke. In fact, in animal models, Tregs infiltrate the infarcted brain and reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokine production and infarct volume, mainly in late stages of ischemia. Recently, an expansion and greater suppressive capacity of circulating Tregs after treatment with statins was observed, in addition to their cardio- and neuroprotective actions demonstrated previously. Thus, to determine whether Treg modulation mediated by statins can also be benefici...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - September 9, 2016 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

The Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule-Derived (NCAM)-Peptide FG Loop (FGL) Mobilizes Endogenous Neural Stem Cells and Promotes Endogenous Regenerative Capacity after Stroke
Abstract The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)-derived peptide FG loop (FGL) modulates synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and stem cell proliferation, enhances cognitive capacities, and conveys neuroprotection after stroke. Here we investigated the effect of subcutaneously injected FGL on cellular compartments affected by degeneration and regeneration after stroke due to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), namely endogenous neural stem cells (NSC), oligodendrocytes, and microglia. In addition to immunohistochemistry, we used non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the tracer [18F]-fluoro-L-...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - June 27, 2016 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Neuropharmacologic Approaches to Restore the Brain’s Microenvironment
Abstract Maintaining the central nervous system microenvironment after injury, infection, inflammatory and degenerative diseases is contingent upon adequate control of glial homeostatic functions. Disease is caused by microbial, environmental and endogenous factors that compromise ongoing nervous system functions. The final result is neuronal injury, dropout and nerve connection loss, and these underlie the pathobiology of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, and bacterial, parasitic and viral infections. However, what promotes disease are homeostatic changes in the brain...
Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - June 27, 2016 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

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