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The Cadherin-Catenin Complex is Necessary for Cell Adhesion and Embryogenesis in Nematostella vectensis.
Abstract The cadherin-catenin complex is a conserved, calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion module that is necessary for normal development and the maintenance of tissue integrity in bilaterian animals. Despite longstanding evidence of a deep ancestry of calcium-dependent cell adhesion in animals, the requirement of the cadherin-catenin complex to coordinate cell-cell adhesion has not been tested directly in a non-bilaterian organism. Here, we provide the first analysis of classical cadherins and catenins in the Starlet Sea Anemone, Nematostella vectensis. Gene expression, protein localization, siRNA-mediated knock...
Source: Developmental Biology - January 7, 2019 Category: Biology Authors: Nathaniel Clarke D, Lowe CJ, James Nelson W Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

Re-deployment of germ layers related TFs shows regionalized expression during two non-embryonic developments.
Abstract In all non-vertebrate metazoan phyla, species that evolved non-embryonic developmental pathways as means of propagation or regeneration can be found. In this context, new bodies arise through asexual reproduction processes (such as budding) or whole body regeneration, that lack the familiar temporal and spatial cues classically associated with embryogenesis, like maternal determinants, or gastrulation. The molecular mechanisms underlying those non-embryonic developments (i.e., regeneration and asexual reproduction), and their relationship to those deployed during embryogenesis are poorly understood. We ha...
Source: Developmental Biology - May 17, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Lorenzo R, Cabrera F, Lotito S, Tiozzo S Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

PEG-PLA Nanoparticles facilitate siRNA knockdown in adult zebrafish heart.
Abstract The remarkable regenerative capacity of the zebrafish has made it an important model organism for studying heart regeneration. However, current loss-of-function studies are limited by a lack of conditional-knockout and effective gene-knockdown methods for the adult heart. Here, we report a novel siRNA knockdown method facilitated by poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (D, l-lactide) (PEG-PLA) nanoparticles. The siRNA-encapsulated nanoparticles successfully entered cells and resulted in remarkable gene-specific knockdown in the adult heart. This effect was demonstrated by down-regulation of the Aldh1a2 and Dusp6...
Source: Developmental Biology - August 29, 2015 Category: Biology Authors: Diao J, Wang H, Chang N, Zhou XH, Zhu X, Wang J, Xiong JW Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

Cadherin-11 coordinates cellular migration and extracellular matrix remodeling during aortic valve maturation.
In this study, we show that deficiency of the cell-cell adhesion protein cadherin-11 (cad-11) results in significant embryonic and perinatal lethality primarily due to valve related cardiac dysfunction. While endocardial to mesenchymal transformation is not abrogated, mesenchymal cells do not homogeneously cellularize the cushions. These cushions remain thickened with disorganized ECM, resulting in pronounced aortic valve insufficiency. Mice that survive to adulthood maintain thickened and stenotic semilunar valves, but interestingly do not develop calcification. Cad-11 -/- aortic valve leaflets contained reduced sox9 acti...
Source: Developmental Biology - July 15, 2015 Category: Biology Authors: Bowen CJ, Zhou J, Sung DC, Butcher JT Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

The STAT5-regulated miR-193b locus restrains mammary stem and progenitor cell activity and alveolar differentiation.
This study has identified the miR-193b locus, also encoding miRNAs 365-1 and 6365, as a STAT5 target in mammary epithelium. While the locus was characterized by active histone marks in mammary tissue, STAT5 binding and expression during pregnancy, it was silent in most non-mammary cells. Inactivation of the miR-193b locus in mice resulted in elevated mammary stem/progenitor cell activity as judged by limiting dilution transplantation experiments of primary mammary epithelial cells. Colonies formed by mutant cells were larger and contained more Ki-67 positive cells. Differentiation of mammary epithelium lacking the miR-193b...
Source: Developmental Biology - September 16, 2014 Category: Biology Authors: Hyun Yoo K, Kang K, Feuermann Y, Jin Jang S, Robinson GW, Hennighausen L Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

Cux2 acts as a critical regulator for neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium of vertebrates.
Abstract Signaling pathways and transcription factors are crucial regulators of vertebrate neurogenesis, exerting their function in a spatial and temporal manner. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the molecular regulation of embryonic neurogenesis, little is known regarding how different signaling pathways interact to tightly regulate this process during the development of neuroepithelia. To address this, we have investigated the events lying upstream and downstream of a key neurogenic factor, the Cut-like homeodomain transcription factor-2 (Cux2), during embryonic neurogenesis in chick and mouse. By...
Source: Developmental Biology - February 7, 2014 Category: Biology Authors: Wittmann W, Iulianella A, Gunhaga L Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

ErbB3 binding protein-1 (Ebp1) controls proliferation and myogenic differentiation of muscle stem cells.
Abstract Satellite cells are resident stem cells of skeletal muscle, supplying myoblasts for postnatal muscle growth, hypertrophy and repair. Of the complex regulatory networks that control satellite cells, the EGF-family of ligands contributes. Here we investigated the role of ErbB3 binding protein-1 (Ebp1) in regulation of myogenic stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Ebp1 is a well-conserved DNA/RNA binding protein that is implicated in cell growth, apoptosis and differentiation in many cell types. Of the two main Ebp1 isoforms, only p48 was expressed in satellite cells and C2C12 myoblasts. While not pr...
Source: Developmental Biology - November 22, 2013 Category: Biology Authors: Figeac N, Serralbo O, Marcelle C, Zammit PS Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

The Human Constitutive Androstane Receptor Promotes the Differentiation and Maturation of Hepatic-like Cells.
Abstract Expression of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) is enriched in the mature mammalian liver and increasingly recognized for its prominent role in regulating a myriad of processes including biotransformation, chemical transport, energy metabolism and lipid homeostasis. Previously, we demonstrated that CAR levels were markedly enhanced during the differentiation of hepatic-like cells derived from hESCs, prompting the hypothesis that CAR contributes a key functional role in directing human hepatogenesis. Here we demonstrate that over-expression of CAR in human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), trans...
Source: Developmental Biology - October 18, 2013 Category: Biology Authors: Chen F, Zamule SM, Coslo DM, Chen T, Omiecinski CJ Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

Retinoid X receptor-mediated transdifferentiation cascade in budding tunicates.
This study investigated the gene cascade regulating such RA-triggered transdifferentiation in tunicates. Genes encoding retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) were induced during transdifferentiation, and they responded to all-trans RA or 13-cis RA in vivo, whereas 9-cis RA had the least effects, demonstrating differences in the ligand preference between budding tunicates and vertebrates. In contrast to RAR mRNA, RXR mRNA could induce transdifferentiation-related genes such as RXR itself, ERK, and MYC in an RA-dependent manner and also induced β-catenin (β-CTN) RA-independently when it was introduced ...
Source: Developmental Biology - October 9, 2013 Category: Biology Authors: Kawamura K, Shiohara M, Kanda M, Fujiwara S Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

Germ lineage properties in the urochordate Botryllus schlosseri - from markers to temporal niches.
Abstract The primordial germ cells (PGCs) in the colonial urochordate Botryllus schlosseri are sequestered in late embryonic stage. PGC-like populations, located at any blastogenic stage in specific niches, inside modules with curtailed lifespan, survive throughout the life of the colony by repeated weekly migration to newly formed buds. This cyclical migration and the lack of specific markers for PGC-like populations are obstacles to the study on PGCs. For that purpose, we isolated the Botryllus DDX1 (BS-DDX1) and characterized it by normal expression patterns and by specific siRNA knockdown experiments. Expressi...
Source: Developmental Biology - October 9, 2013 Category: Biology Authors: Rosner A, Moiseeva E, Rabinowitz C, Rinkevich B Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

Rab3Gap1 mediates exocytosis of Claudin-1 and tight junction formation during epidermal barrier acquisition.
Abstract Epidermal barrier acquisition during late murine gestation is accompanied by an increase in Akt kinase activity and cJun dephosphorlyation. The latter is directed by the Ppp2r2a regulatory subunit of the Pp2a phosphatase. This was accompanied by a change of Claudin-1 localisation to the cell surface and interaction between Occludin and Claudin-1 which are thought to be required for tight junction formation. The aim of this study was to determine the nature of the barrier defect caused by the loss of AKT/Ppp2r2a function. There was a paracellular barrier defect in rat epidermal keratinocytes expressing a P...
Source: Developmental Biology - May 16, 2013 Category: Biology Authors: Youssef G, Gerner L, Naeem AS, Ralph O, Ono M, O'Neill CA, O'Shaughnessy RF Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

Aberrant Wnt signalling and cellular over-proliferation in a novel mouse model of Meckel-Gruber syndrome.
Abstract Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS) is an embryonic lethal ciliopathy resulting from mutations in genes encoding proteins localising to the primary cilium. Mutations in the basal body protein MKS1 account for 7% of cases of MKS. The condition affects the development of multiple organs, including brain, kidney and skeleton. Here we present a novel Mks1(tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi) knockout mouse which accurately recapitulates the human condition, consistently developing pre-axial polydactyly, complex posterior fossa defects (including the Dandy-Walker malformation), and renal cystic dysplasia. TOPFlash Wnt reporter assays i...
Source: Developmental Biology - May 1, 2013 Category: Biology Authors: Wheway G, Abdelhamed Z, Natarajan S, Toomes C, Inglehearn C, Johnson CA Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

Pitx genes are redeployed in adult myogenesis where they can act to promote myogenic differentiation in muscle satellite cells.
Abstract Skeletal muscle retains a resident stem cell population called satellite cells. Although mitotically quiescent in mature muscle, satellite cells can be activated to produce myoblast progeny to generate myonuclei for skeletal muscle homoeostasis, hypertrophy and repair. Regulation of satellite cell function in adult requires redeployment of many of the regulatory networks fundamental to developmental myogenesis. Involved in such control of muscle stem cell fate in embryos are members of the Pitx gene family of bicoid-class homeodomain proteins. Here, we investigated the expression and function of all three...
Source: Developmental Biology - May 1, 2013 Category: Biology Authors: Knopp P, Figeac N, Fortier M, Moyle L, Zammit PS Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research

The EJC component Magoh regulates proliferation and expansion of neural crest-derived melanocytes.
Abstract Melanoblasts are a population of neural crest-derived cells that generate the pigment-producing cells of our body. Defective melanoblast development and function underlies many disorders including Waardenburg syndrome and melanoma. Understanding the genetic regulation of melanoblast development will help elucidate the etiology of these and other neurocristopathies. Here we demonstrate that Magoh, a component of the exon junction complex, is required for normal melanoblast development. Magoh haploinsufficient mice are hypopigmented and exhibit robust genetic interactions with the transcription factor, Sox1...
Source: Developmental Biology - January 17, 2013 Category: Biology Authors: Silver DL, Leeds KE, Hwang HW, Miller EE, Pavan WJ Tags: Dev Biol Source Type: research