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RAB1A promotes Vaccinia virus replication by facilitating the production of intracellular enveloped virions.
Abstract Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus with a complex cytoplasmic replication cycle that exploits numerous cellular proteins. This work characterises the role of a proviral cellular protein, the small GTPase RAB1A, in VACV replication. Using siRNA, we identified RAB1A as required for the production of extracellular enveloped virions (EEVs), but not intracellular mature virions (IMVs). Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy further refined the role of RAB1A as facilitating the wrapping of IMVs to become intracellular enveloped virions (IEVs). This is consistent with the known functi...
Source: Virology - November 25, 2014 Category: Virology Authors: Pechenick Jowers T, Featherstone RJ, Reynolds DK, Brown HK, James J, Prescott A, Haga IR, Beard PM Tags: Virology Source Type: research

PKCδ is required for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication.
Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC) that transduces signals to modulate a wide range of cellular functions has been shown to regulate a number of viral infections. Herein, we showed that inhibition of PKC with the PKC inhibitor GF109203X significantly impaired porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication. Inhibition of PKC led to virus yield reduction, which was associated with decreased viral RNA synthesis and lowered virus protein expression. And this inhibitory effect by PKC inhibitor was shown to occur at the early stage of PRRSV infection. Subsequently, we found that PRRSV infection act...
Source: Virology - August 22, 2014 Category: Virology Authors: Zhao H, Guo XK, Bi Y, Zhu Y, Feng WH Tags: Virology Source Type: research

Host cell autophagy promotes BK virus infection.
Abstract Autophagy is important for a variety for virus life cycles. We sought to determine the role of autophagy in human BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) infection. The addition excess amino acids during viral infection reduced BKPyV infection. Perturbing autophagy levels using inhibitors, 3-MA, bafilomycin A1, and spautin-1, also reduced infection, while rapamycin treatment of host cells increased infection. siRNA knockdown of autophagy genes, ATG7 and Beclin-1, corresponded to a decrease in BKPyV infection. BKPyV infection not only correlated with autophagosome formation, but also virus particles localized to autophagy...
Source: Virology - May 1, 2014 Category: Virology Authors: Bouley SJ, Maginnis MS, Derdowski A, Gee GV, O׳Hara BA, Nelson CD, Bara AM, Atwood WJ, Dugan AS Tags: Virology Source Type: research

Characterization of viral siRNA populations in honey bee colony collapse disorder.
Abstract Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), a special case of collapse of honey bee colonies, has resulted in significant losses for beekeepers. CCD-colonies show abundance of pathogens which suggests that they have a weakened immune system. Since honey bee viruses are major players in colony collapse and given the important role of viral RNA interference (RNAi) in combating viral infections we investigated if CCD-colonies elicit an RNAi response. Deep-sequencing analysis of samples from CCD-colonies from US and Israel revealed abundant small interfering RNAs (siRNA) of 21-22 nucleotides perfectly matching the Israel...
Source: Virology - April 1, 2014 Category: Virology Authors: Chejanovsky N, Ophir R, Schwager MS, Slabezki Y, Grossman S, Cox-Foster D Tags: Virology Source Type: research

The nucleolar phosphoprotein B23 targets Newcastle disease virus matrix protein to the nucleoli and facilitates viral replication.
In this study, a nucleolar phosphoprotein B23 was identified to interact with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) matrix (M) protein. We found that NDV M protein accumulated in the nucleolus by binding B23 early in infection, but resulted in the redistribution of B23 from the nucleoli to the nucleoplasm later in infection. In vitro binding studies utilizing deletion mutants indicated that amino acids 30-60 of M and amino acids 188-245 of B23 were required for binding. Furthermore, knockdown of B23 by siRNA or overexpression of B23 or M-binding B23-derived polypeptides remarkably reduced cytopathic effect and inhibited NDV replic...
Source: Virology - March 1, 2014 Category: Virology Authors: Duan Z, Chen J, Xu H, Zhu J, Li Q, He L, Liu H, Hu S, Liu X Tags: Virology Source Type: research

hnRNP A2/B1 interacts with influenza A viral protein NS1 and inhibits virus replication potentially through suppressing NS1 RNA/protein levels and NS1 mRNA nuclear export.
In this study, we identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNP A2/B1) as an interacting partner of NS1 proteins by a proteomic method. Knockdown of hnRNP A2/B1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in higher levels of NS vRNA, NS1 mRNA, and NS1 protein in the virus-infected cells. In addition, we demonstrated that hnRNP A2/B1 proteins are associated with NS1 and NS2 mRNAs and that knockdown of hnRNP A2/B1 promotes transport of NS1 mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the infected cells. Lastly, we showed that knockdown of hnRNP A2/B1 leads to enhanced virus replication. Our results suggest that ...
Source: Virology - January 18, 2014 Category: Virology Authors: Wang Y, Zhou J, Du Y Tags: Virology Source Type: research

Amino acids 78 and 79 of Mammalian Orthoreovirus protein µNS are necessary for stress granule localization, core protein λ2 interaction, and de novo virus replication.
We examined the capacity of a μNS(78-79) mutant to associate with known viral protein binding partners of μNS and found that it loses association with viral core protein λ2. Finally, we show that while this mutant cannot support de novo viral replication, it is able to rescue replication following siRNA knockdown of μNS. These data suggest that μNS association with SGs, λ2, or both play roles in MRV replication. PMID: 24314644 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Virology - December 12, 2013 Category: Virology Authors: Carroll K, Hastings C, Miller CL Tags: Virology Source Type: research

The modulation of hepatitis C virus 1a replication by PKR is dependent on NF-kB mediated interferon beta response in Huh7.5.1 cells.
Abstract Protein kinase R (PKR), a sensor of double-stranded RNA, plays an important role in the host response to viral infection. Hepatitis C genotype 2a virus (HCV2a) has been shown to induce PKR activation to suppress the translation of antiviral interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), suggesting that PKR inhibitor can be beneficial for treating chronically HCV-infected patients in conjunction with interferon alpha and ribavirin. However, in this study, we found that PKR inhibition using siRNA PKR, shRNA PKR or PKR inhibitor enhanced HCV 1a replication and rendered Huh7.5.1 cells more susceptible to HCV1a infection...
Source: Virology - February 8, 2013 Category: Virology Authors: Zhang L, Alter HJ, Wang H, Jia S, Wang E, Marincola FM, Shih JW, Wang RY Tags: Virology Source Type: research

Dog nectin-4 is an epithelial cell receptor for canine distemper virus that facilitates virus entry and syncytia formation.
Abstract Canine distemper virus (CDV) was shown to use dog nectin-4 as a receptor to gain entry into epithelial cells. RNA from dog placenta or MDCK kidney cells was isolated and cDNAs were prepared. Two splice variants of dog nectin-4 were identified. A deletion of 25 amino acids was found in the cytoplasmic domain of dog nectin-4 from MDCK cells, corresponding to a splice variant that is also seen in murine nectin-4, and did not affect its role as a receptor. Both dog nectin-4 and human nectin-4 could function as an entry factor for CDV containing an EGFP reporter gene. Inhibition of dog nectin-4 expression by R...
Source: Virology - January 27, 2013 Category: Virology Authors: Noyce RS, Delpeut S, Richardson CD Tags: Virology Source Type: research

Peste des petits ruminants virus exploits cellular autophagy machinery for replication.
Abstract Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is an important pathogen that seriously influences the productivity of small ruminants worldwide. Although PPRV is known to induce apoptosis in infected cells, the interaction between PPRV and permissive cells requires further elucidation. Here, we provide the first evidence that PPRV infection triggered autophagy in Vero cells based on the appearance of abundant double- and single-membrane vesicles, the accumulation of LC3 fluorescent puncta, the enhancement of LC3-I/-II conversion, and autophagic flux. We further demonstrated that induction of autophagy with rapam...
Source: Virology - January 11, 2013 Category: Virology Authors: Zhang Y, Wu S, Lv J, Feng C, Deng J, Wang C, Yuan X, Zhang T, Lin X Tags: Virology Source Type: research

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