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What Causes Rectal Prolapse?
Discussion Rectal prolapse is defined as a herniation of the rectum through the anal verge. In children it is also usually mucosal prolapse and not full thickness. Partial or mucosal prolapse usually is seen as radial folds occurring 1 – 2.5 cm from the anal verge. Full thickness will protrude more than 5 cm. It affects genders equally and occurs most commonly in children under age 4. This is due to vertical course and low position of the anus, looser supporting tissues and less muscular support. These children are more likely to have prolapse but are less likely to have it recur. After age 4 the rectum takes the adu...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - February 28, 2022 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

What Are Some Mast Cell Disorders?
Discussion Mast cells (MCs) were first discovered by Paul Ehrlich in 1878. Previously in 1869, Nettleship and Tay described a toddler with chronic urticaria and a brown skin lesion which is believed to be the first reported case of mastocytosis. Urticaria pigmentosa was a term first used by Sangster in 1878, and in 1936 the term mastocytosis was used. “Mast cells first evolved 500 million years ago in Ascidians (sea squirts), providing host innate immunity against bacteria and parasites….MCs gained additional functions regulating inflammation, wound healing, coagulation, adaptive immunity and acute allergic res...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - February 21, 2022 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

What Are Potential Complications of Tattooing?
Discussion “Tattooing of skin via deposition of pigment particles and ink ingredients in the dermis changes normal skin into abnormal skin. Fortunately, this often causes no harm and no disease, although with important exceptions.” Tattoos can be inadvertent from road dirt, gunpowder, pencil graphite etc., but most are desired. Tattoos are common in many cultures and over time..They have been increasing in popularity in the United States over the past few years particularly with a younger, wider and more diverse population. Newsweek reported an 18-country study in 2018 which showed 46% of Americans have a tat...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - May 18, 2020 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

The extended understanding of chronic granulomatous disease
Purpose of review We briefly address the advances in genetics, pathophysiology, and phenotypes of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). This is one of the most studied primary immunodeficiencies, which comprise mutations in genes encoding the different subunits of the NADPH oxidase system. Those mutations lead to defective reactive oxygen species production, and consequently a failure to eliminate pathogens. Recent findings Patients with CGD are susceptible to fungal, bacterial, and parasitic infections. Other symptoms, as systemic adverse effects to BCG vaccine and hyperinflammation, are also important clinical condit...
Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics - November 7, 2019 Category: Pediatrics Tags: ALLERGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND RELATED DISORDERS: Edited by Jordan S. Orange Source Type: research

Occasional digestive hemorrhage in children due to strongyloidiasis: importance of parasitologic testing
RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever um caso incomum de infec ção por Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis) em paciente de quatro meses de idade e ressaltar a importância do diagnóstico precoce. Descrição do caso: Paciente masculino, procedente e residente de Videira, Santa Catarina, Brasil, nasceu pré-termo, parto cesárea, peso de nascimento 1. 655 g, e permaneceu na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva neonatal e intermediária por 20 dias. Aos quatro meses de idade, começou a evacuar fezes sanguinolentas e foi feita hipótese de alergia à proteína do leite de vaca, em razão da sintomatologia e do uso da fórmula infantil...
Source: Revista Paulista de Pediatria - February 5, 2019 Category: Pediatrics Source Type: research

Susceptibility to allergy in adoptive children: a cross-sectional study at “Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital”
ConclusionsChildren without medical records or with a past medical history suggestive of atopy should perform a thorough allergy evaluation at the time of adoption. Our study offers also a glimpse at the vaccination status and immune-allergic profiles of recent migrant children in Italy.
Source: Italian Journal of Pediatrics - January 4, 2018 Category: Pediatrics Source Type: research

How Common Is Hereditary Angioedema?
Discussion Angioedema is edema that is non-pitting, self-limited occurring in non-dependent areas usually in an asymmetric distribution usually on the lips, face, hands, feet, genitals and also in the bowel. It usually develops over minutes to hours (often 1-2 hours) with resolution usually within 24-48 hours. Angioedema often occurs with urticaria but 20% of patients may have isolated angioedema. Acute allergic angioedema is often caused by drugs (including antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), foods, infections, insects, various organic substances (i.e. latex, preservatives, formaldehyde, etc.), and oth...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - October 9, 2017 Category: Pediatrics Authors: pediatriceducationmin Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

How is Swimmer ’ s Itch Diagnosed?
Discussion Cercarial Dermatitis (CD) is known by many names throughout the world, but is commonly known as swimmer’s itch. It is a water-borne, non-communicable infectious disease that is caused by the larval stage (cercariae) of parasitic schistosomatid flukes. The cercariae causes an allergic maculopapular skin rash in humans that is usually self-limited (usually 4-10 days) but can cause problems for up to 20 days. CD parasites are considered an emerging disease because of the increased distribution of the problem across the globe. Different parasite species cause the problem. In a normal life cycle that occurs ma...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - November 7, 2016 Category: Pediatrics Authors: pediatriceducationmin Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

Impact of vectorborne parasitic neglected tropical diseases on child health
Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis are all vectorborne neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that are responsible for significant disease burden in impoverished children and adults worldwide. As vectorborne parasitic diseases, they can all be targeted for elimination through vector control strategies. Examples of successful vector control programmes for these diseases over the past two decades have included the Southern Cone Initiative against Chagas disease, the Kala-azar Control Scheme against leishmaniasis, the Onchocerciasis Control Programme and the lymphatic filariasis control program...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - June 16, 2016 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Barry, M. A., Murray, K. O., Hotez, P. J., Jones, K. M. Tags: Immunology (including allergy), ADC Global child health, Child abuse, Dermatology Source Type: research

Visceral leishmaniasis: a forgotten epidemic
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL or kala-azar) is most endemic in Asia and Africa and commonly affects young children. It is usually caused by Leishmania donovani or Leishmania infantum that are transmitted by Phlebotomine sand flies. Transmission may be anthroponotic or zoonotic or both, depending on the endemic area. Clinical features include fever, hepatosplenomegaly, weight loss and pancytopenia. Younger age, malnutrition and immunosuppression (HIV infection, use of immunosuppressive drugs) are risk factors. Many infections remain asymptomatic. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of the Leishmania parasite in aspirates of lym...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - May 17, 2016 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Zijlstra, E. E. Tags: Oncology, Immunology (including allergy), ADC Global child health, HIV/AIDS, Travel medicine, Tropical medicine (infectious diseases), Child health, Sexual health Source Type: research

Unusual chest radiographic findings in children
Answers From questions on page 189 Figure 1 shows multiple dense 2–3 mm nodules. Figure 2 demonstrates an arrowed zoomed up image of a nodule. The radiologist's initial report suggested excluding tuberculosis (TB) infection. Subsequently, she had been investigated for TB and had a negative Mantoux test. A second radiology opinion concluded that the nodules were the benign sequel of previous varicella infection. Varicella pneumonitis can be a fulminant condition but is often asymptomatic. Scattered nodular lung opacities measuring up to 1 cm associated with varicella pneumonitis have been recognise...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - Education and Practice - September 12, 2014 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Elemraid, M. A., Wacogne, I., Williams, H. Tags: Journalology, Immunology (including allergy), Pneumonia (infectious disease), TB and other respiratory infections, Child health, Asthma, Pneumonia (respiratory medicine), Competing interests (ethics) Epilogue Source Type: research

Malaria vaccines: past, present and future
The currently available malaria control tools have allowed malaria elimination in many regions but there remain many regions where malaria control has made little progress. A safe and protective malaria vaccine would be a huge asset for malaria control. Despite the many challenges, efforts continue to design and evaluate malaria vaccine candidates. These candidates target different stages in the life cycle of Plasmodia. The most advanced vaccine candidates target the pre-erythrocytic stages in the life cycle of the parasite and include RTS,S/AS01, which has progressed through clinical development to the stage that it may b...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - November 12, 2013 Category: Pediatrics Authors: von Seidlein, L., Bejon, P. Tags: Immunology (including allergy), Drugs: infectious diseases, ADC Global child health, Travel medicine, Tropical medicine (infectious diseases), Vaccination / immunisation Source Type: research

What Causes Spontaneous Pneumothorax?
Discussion “A pneumothorax is a collection of air in the pleural space, and it can be categorized into spontaneous, traumatic or iatrogenic. Spontaneous pneumothorax can be further classified into primary with no clinical evidence of underlying lung disease or secondary due to pre-existing lung disease.” Spontaneous pneumothorax is a condition that is relatively rare in pediatrics. There is a bimodal age distribution – neonates and late adolescence. It is caused by tearing of the visceral pleural. Clinical signs include chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, tracheal deviation towards contralateral side, hypot...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - May 20, 2013 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Donna M. D'Alessandro, M.D. Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news