Thyrotoxicosis and thyroiditis
Thyrotoxicosis is a common condition resulting from excess of circulating thyroid hormones in the blood. The most frequent cause of thyrotoxicosis is Graves ’ disease and the clinical features include goitre and eye disease. The treatment strategies in Graves’ disease involve anti-thyroid drugs, radioiodine and thyroidectomy. Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid) is caused by release of stored thyroid hormones and may also result in thyrotoxicos is. The aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, investigation and management of conditions causing thyrotoxicosis and thyroiditis are reviewed in this chapter. (Source: Surgery...
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - March 12, 2024 Category: Surgery Authors: Pui San Yap, Oroog Ali, Peter Truran, Sebastian Aspinall Tags: Endocrine Surgery Source Type: research
Physiology of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands
Endocrinology is the study of hormones, endocrine glands and related diseases. Understanding basic hormonal physiology is essential for surgeons to manage patients with endocrine disorders. In this article we present the fundamental physiological mechanisms related to pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal hormonal production, secretion and action. Moreover the methods used in the investigation for hormonal disturbances associated with these glands, resulting in excess or deficient secretion, are introduced. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - March 7, 2024 Category: Surgery Authors: Sanesh Pillai, Miguel Debono Tags: Basic Science Source Type: research
Contents
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Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - February 29, 2024 Category: Surgery Source Type: research
Editorial Board
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Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - February 29, 2024 Category: Surgery Source Type: research
Management of the thyroid nodule
Thyroid nodules are common and a frequent reason for referral to secondary care. Clinical assessment and investigation should aim to address the possibility of malignancy, functional status of the thyroid and compressive symptoms. A combination of neck ultrasound and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) can usually help establish a plan of management, allowing conservative management of most patients, and surgical treatment for those with suspected or confirmed thyroid cancer. The limitations of FNAC include a relatively high rate of inadequate/non-diagnostic samples, and the inability of cytology to distinguish between ...
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - February 29, 2024 Category: Surgery Authors: Neil Patel, Michael J. Stechman Tags: Endocrine surgery Source Type: research
Test yourself: MCQ and Single Best Answer
For questions 1 –4, select the statements which are true. The correct answers are given below. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - February 19, 2024 Category: Surgery Authors: Adrian Ben Cresswell Tags: Test yourself Source Type: research
Thyroidectomy
This article discusses the principles of performing a thyroidectomy. We review the indications, complications, issues of consent and outline the procedure performed by the senior author. We also briefly discuss how to try and reduce common pitfalls and outline the potential future surgical advances. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - February 19, 2024 Category: Surgery Authors: Arvind N. Kumar, Paul C. Dent Tags: Endocrine surgery Source Type: research
Investigation and management of adrenal tumours
The incidence of adrenal incidentalomas is increasing due to the increased use of cross-sectional imaging. The majority of these tumours are benign, but it is important to exclude functional excess and malignancy through blood tests and imaging, respectively. A good understanding of adrenal physiology is essential for managing functional tumours, with surgical management reserved for patients with functional and malignant tumours. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - February 19, 2024 Category: Surgery Authors: Jason Ramsingh, Yaasir Mamoojee Tags: Endocrine surgery Source Type: research
The role of the surgeon in cancer care
The surgeon's role in modern cancer management has evolved beyond that of technician with a scalpel and now encompasses a wide ranging role in diagnosis, counselling, screening, prevention, resource management and palliative care as well as the traditional role of surgical excision. Many surgeons also have an active academic interest at teaching hospitals, conducting cancer research and teaching in associated medical schools. The UK has three established cancer screening programmes for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer, where surgeons are required to perform clinical assessment, diagnostic biopsies and plan surgical t...
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - February 4, 2024 Category: Surgery Authors: Kenneth Elder, Matthew D. Barber, Georgios Geropoulos Tags: Cancer treatment Source Type: research
Basic pathology of the thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands: an update on what the surgeon needs to know
A robust understanding of the fundamentals of pathology is crucial for surgeons for several reasons. Histological diagnosis plays a key role in effective patient management, making knowledge of the potentials and limitations of pathology essential. Surgeons with a basic knowledge of pathology can collaborate more efficiently with pathologists, facilitating discussions on equivocal findings, suggesting specific tests for important patient follow-up and treatment, and interpreting pathology reports alongside patients. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - February 3, 2024 Category: Surgery Authors: C Christofer Juhlin Tags: Basic science Source Type: research
Contents
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Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - February 1, 2024 Category: Surgery Source Type: research
Editorial Board
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Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - February 1, 2024 Category: Surgery Source Type: research
Human factors in cardiac surgery
In this article we will introduce human factors, a human factors approach and patient safety in cardiac surgery. Key concepts, important terms and their application to clinical practice, with specific reference to cardiac surgery, will be discussed. Human factors and ergonomics is a broad subject area and in-depth analysis of this area of study is beyond the scope of this review. Our aim is to highlight key research, areas within which to develop your own practice in relation to human factors in surgery, and useful resources. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - January 24, 2024 Category: Surgery Authors: Gillian Hardman, Sunil Bhudia Tags: CARDIOTHORACIC SURGERY – I Source Type: research
Birth to adulthood – modern day congenital cardiac surgery
The first Blalock –Taussig shunt (BTS) performed in 1944 marks the dawn of modern heart surgery and is an inspirational tale of diversity in healthcare. Helen Taussig, the conceptual pioneer of the BTS and one of the first women to study medicine at Harvard; Alfred Blalock, the surgeon; and Vivienne Thomas, a young African-American carpenter employed as a laboratory assistant. At the time of the first BTS in a human, Vivienne who had performed more than 200 shunts in dogs, stood on a step at Alfred's shoulder and coached him through the procedure step-by-step. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - January 24, 2024 Category: Surgery Authors: Nicholas J.S. Chilvers, Louise A. Kenny, Mohamed S. Nassar Tags: Cardiovascular – i Source Type: research
Looking after the cardiac surgery patient: pitfalls and strategies
Crude mortality from cardiac surgery has been falling from 4.0% to 2.9% over the last two decades; effective postoperative management by a multidisciplinary team is crucial for successful outcomes. Cardiac surgery like other specialties have adapted successfully to changing patient demographics and demands. Despite operating on more complex elderly patients with higher risk profiles, more patients survive cardiac surgery. Management of these patients is complex due to numerous factors: the operation being performed on the heart and pathophysiology of the disease and the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - January 24, 2024 Category: Surgery Authors: Betsy Evans, Yama Haqzad Tags: Cardiovascular – i Source Type: research
