Bladder cancer
is the second most common malignancy affecting the urinary tract and represents 3% of all cancer deaths in the United Kingdom. The most common presentation is visible haematuria which accounts for 85% of cases. Initial evaluation utilizes white light flexible cystoscopy and upper urinary tract imaging, through ultrasound or CT urography. Alternatives to white light cystoscopy include photodynamic diagnosis and narrow-band imaging which may improve detection of tumours. Initial treatment is with transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT). (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - September 30, 2022 Category: Surgery Authors: Luke Stroman, Rami Issa Tags: Renal & urological surgery -- II Source Type: research
Renal cancer
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an adenocarcinoma of the renal cortex. It is the commonest type of kidney cancer and accounts for over 85% of renal cancer diagnoses. The remaining malignancies are transitional cell carcinomas, sarcomas, Wilms ’ tumour, and rarely lymphomas and metastatic deposits. 10%–15% of renal masses are benign, such as oncocytomas and angiomyolipomas. Simple renal cysts are benign, however more complex renal cysts have a risk of being malignant. Renal cell carcinoma is commonly diagnosed at an earlier stage due to the widespread availability of imaging, and as a result the described classic triad of...
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - September 29, 2022 Category: Surgery Authors: Husay Janebdar, Megan Fernandes, David Manson-Bahr Tags: Renal & urology – II Source Type: research
Upper tract urothelial cancer
Upper tract transitional cell carcinoma is a lethal disease with half the patients dead within 5 years of diagnosis. Unlike urothelial tumours arising in the bladder, the disease is more likely to be invasive at the time of diagnosis and in part reflects the poorer prognosis. It is a biologically aggressive disease with a high chance of recurrence even after local control. Diagnosis is made by a combination of upper tract imaging, urine cytology and ureteroscopic biopsy. Organ-confined disease is amenable to radical surgery, whereas superficial low-grade disease may be managed endoscopically. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - September 29, 2022 Category: Surgery Authors: Tim Lane Tags: Renal and urological surgery – II Source Type: research
Test yourself: MCQ and single best answer
For questions 1 –4, select the statements which are true. The correct answers are given below. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - September 29, 2022 Category: Surgery Authors: Adrian Ben Cresswell Tags: Test yourself Source Type: research
Urological investigations of haematuria
This article outlines the different causes of haematuria (both visible and non-visible), investigation strategies and when to refer to urology and/or nephrology for further assessment. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - September 29, 2022 Category: Surgery Authors: Tony Tien, Daniel Cohen Tags: Renal and urological surgery -- II Source Type: research
Tumours of the male genital tract
This article discusses pathological features of tumours of the male genital tract. Carcinoma of the prostate is common and represents an increasing burden to the NHS in terms of management and treatment. We focus on recent changes to grading and discuss issues around pathological diagnosis. Tumours of the testes represent the greatest success story of cancer treatment over the past several decades. We review the pathological features of the commonest tumours focusing on prognostic features. Carcinoma of the penis is rare but appears to be increasing in incidence. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - September 29, 2022 Category: Surgery Authors: Marie O'Donnell Tags: Basic science Source Type: research
The management of testis cancer
Testicular cancers diagnosed in adults are primarily germ cell tumours (GCT, 95%) with a smaller proportion being sex cord-stromal tumours (5%). GCTs are a histologically diverse spectrum of tumours, broadly categorized to seminoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumour (NSGCT). Treatment is based on histological subtype and stage and involves radical inguinal orchidectomy alongside surveillance, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Serum tumour markers including beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin and alpha fetoprotein and lactate dehydrogenase have a unique role in staging, prognosis, treatme...
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - September 29, 2022 Category: Surgery Authors: Lara Hemsworth, Narin Suleyman Tags: Renal and urological surgery -- II Source Type: research
Prostate cancer
is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in adult males. It has a multifactorial aetiology and its presentation varies from an indolent disease managed with surveillance to an aggressive malignancy requiring multidisciplinary treatment. Early diagnosis relies on prostate-specific antigen testing, imaging and prostate biopsy. Curative options for localized disease are guided by adequate image-guided disease stratification. New advances in treatment for advanced stages have prolonged patient survival and quality of life. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - September 8, 2022 Category: Surgery Authors: Greg Shaw, Ricardo Almeida-Magana Tags: Renal & Urology - II Source Type: research
Contents
(Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - September 1, 2022 Category: Surgery Source Type: research
Editorial Board
(Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - September 1, 2022 Category: Surgery Source Type: research
Test yourself: MCQ and single best answer
For questions 1 –4, select the statements which are true and which are false. The correct answers are given below. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - August 8, 2022 Category: Surgery Authors: Adrian Ben Cresswell Tags: Test yourself Source Type: research
Contents
(Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - August 1, 2022 Category: Surgery Source Type: research
Editorial Board
(Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - August 1, 2022 Category: Surgery Source Type: research
Management of upper gastrointestinal perforations
Perforation of the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract is a surgical emergency. Causes of oesophageal perforation include spontaneous (Boerhaave's), iatrogenic or foreign body ingestion. Perforation of the stomach and duodenum is most often caused by peptic ulcer disease. Management involves obtaining an accurate clinical diagnosis, through a combination of patient assessment, imaging and endoscopy. It is important to differentiate intramural from full thickness oesophageal perforations as this will guide the definitive surgical or endoscopic management. (Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing))
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - August 1, 2022 Category: Surgery Authors: Emily Moore, Nima Abbassi-Ghadi Tags: Emergency surgery Source Type: research
The detection and management of complications following the treatment of liver metastases
Whilst once considered as incurable systemic disease, treatment options for liver metastases have increased over the last 30 years and safety has improved dramatically, such that for a selected group of patients the hope of cure can now be offered with radical treatment and low morbidity interventions can be offered which prolong survival, even in patients with more widely disseminated disease. Advances have been made in selection and surgical technique for liver resection and several adjuncts to resection now exist in the form of portal vein embolization, thermal ablation and targeted drug or radiotherapy delivery options...
Source: Surgery (Medicine Publishing) - July 19, 2022 Category: Surgery Authors: Caoimhe Walsh, Adrian Ben Cresswell Tags: Emergency surgery Source Type: research
