Clinical Ageing
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:437-458. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_16.ABSTRACTAgeing is generally characterised by the declining ability to respond to stress, increasing homeostatic imbalance, and increased risk of ageing-associated diseases . Mechanistically, the lifelong accumulation of a wide range of molecular and cellular impairments leads to organismal senescence. The aging population poses a severe medical concern due to the burden it places on healthcare systems and the general public as well as the prevalence of diseases and impairments associated with old age. In this chapter, we discuss organ failure during agein...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Roxana Surugiu Daiana Burdusel Mihai-Andrei Ruscu Andreea Cercel Dirk M Hermann Israel Fernandez Cadenas Aurel Popa-Wagner Source Type: research
Introduction: Historical Development and Progression of Clinical Research on Ageing
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:1-12. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_1.ABSTRACTResearch on ageing has developed since Greek times. It had a very slow advance during the Middle Ages and a big increase in the Renaissance. Darwin contributed somehow to the understanding of the ageing process and initiated a cumulus of ageing explications under the name of Evolutionary Theories. Subsequently, science discovered a great number of genes, molecules, and cell processes that intervened in ageing. This led to the beginning of trials in animals to retard or avoid the ageing process. Alongside this, improvements, geriatric clinical investig...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Carmen Garc ía-Peña Pamela Tella-Vega Ra úl Hernán Medina-Campos H éctor García-Hernández Source Type: research
Bone Cells Metabolic Changes Induced by Ageing
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:13-29. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_2.ABSTRACTBone is a living organ that exhibits active metabolic processes, presenting constant bone formation and resorption. The bone cells that maintain local homeostasis are osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and bone marrow stem cells, their progenitor cells. Osteoblasts are the main cells that govern bone formation, osteoclasts are involved in bone resorption, and osteocytes, the most abundant bone cells, also participate in bone remodeling. All these cells have active metabolic activities, are interconnected and influence each other, having both autocr...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Anca Cardoneanu Ciprian Rezus Bogdan Ionel Tamba Elena Rezus Source Type: research
Chronic Inflammation as an Underlying Mechanism of Ageing and Ageing-Related Diseases
We describe various age-related dysregulated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and alterations of inflammasome, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM), and autophagy as major players in the chronic inflammatory intracellular signaling network. A better understanding of the molecular, cellular, and systemic mechanisms involved in chronic inflammation in the ageing process would provide further insights into the potential anti-inflammatory strategies.PMID:37120463 | DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_3 (Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry)
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Ki Wung Chung Dae Hyun Kim Hee Jin Jung Radha Arulkumar Hae Young Chung Byung Pal Yu Source Type: research
Heart Disease and Ageing: The Roles of Senescence, Mitochondria, and Telomerase in Cardiovascular Disease
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:45-78. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_4.ABSTRACTDuring ageing molecular damage leads to the accumulation of several hallmarks of ageing including mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, genetic instability and chronic inflammation, which contribute to the development and progression of ageing-associated diseases including cardiovascular disease. Consequently, understanding how these hallmarks of biological ageing interact with the cardiovascular system and each other is fundamental to the pursuit of improving cardiovascular health globally. This review provides an overview of our current u...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Laura K Booth Rachael E Redgrave Simon Tual-Chalot Ioakim Spyridopoulos Helen M Phillips Gavin D Richardson Source Type: research
Chronic Kidney Disease and the Exposome of Ageing
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:79-94. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_5.ABSTRACTThe gap between improvements in lifespan and age-related health is widening. Globally, the demographic of ageing is increasing and there has emerged a 'diseasome of ageing', typified by a range of non-communicable diseases which share a common underlying component of a dysregulated ageing process. Within this, chronic kidney disease is an emerging global epidemic.The extensive inter-individual variation displayed in how people age and how their diseasome manifests and progresses, has required a renewed focus on their life course exposures and the int...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Paul Shiels Ngoc Tran Jen McCavitt Ognian Neytchev Peter Stenvinkel Source Type: research
Sarcopenia and Ageing
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:95-120. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_6.ABSTRACTMusculoskeletal ageing is a major health challenge as muscles and bones constitute around 55-60% of body weight. Ageing muscles will result in sarcopenia that is characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes. In recent years, a few consensus panels provide new definitions for sarcopenia. It was officially recognized as a disease in 2016 with an ICD-10-CM disease code, M62.84, in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). With the new definitions, there are many studies...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Keith Yu-Kin Cheng Zhengyuan Bao Yufeng Long Chaoran Liu Tao Huang Can Cui Simon Kwoon-Ho Chow Ronald Man Yeung Wong Wing-Hoi Cheung Source Type: research
Tendon Aging
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:121-147. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_7.ABSTRACTTendons are mechanosensitive connective tissues responsible for the connection between muscles and bones by transmitting forces that allow the movement of the body, yet, with advancing age, tendons become more prone to degeneration followed by injuries. Tendon diseases are one of the main causes of incapacity worldwide, leading to changes in tendon composition, structure, and biomechanical properties, as well as a decline in regenerative potential. There is still a great lack of knowledge regarding tendon cellular and molecular biology, interplay b...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Ana Lu ísa Graça Manuel Gomez-Florit Manuela Estima Gomes Denitsa Docheva Source Type: research
Virus Infections in Older People
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:149-183. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_8.ABSTRACTOlder people are more prone to viral infections, and often have worse outcomes. This was well demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic, where a disproportionate number of deaths occurred in the oldest and frailest people. The assessment of the older person with a viral infection is complicated by the high prevalence of multiple comorbidities and sensory or cognitive impairment. They often present with common geriatric syndromes such as falls or delirium, rather than the more typical features of a viral illness in younger people. Comprehensive geri...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Roy L Soiza Chiara Scicluna Sana Bilal Source Type: research
Models and Biomarkers for Ovarian Ageing
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:185-199. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_9.ABSTRACTThe human ovarian reserve is defined by the number of non-growing follicles (NGFs) in the ovary, with the age-related decline in NGF population determining age at menopause for healthy women. In this chapter, the concept of ovarian reserve is explored in detail, with a sequence of models described that in principle allow any individual to be compared to the general population. As there is no current technology that can count the NGFs in a living ovary, we move our focus to biomarkers for the ovarian reserve. Using serum analysis and ultrasound it i...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Tom Kelsey Source Type: research
Ageing and the Autonomic Nervous System
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:201-252. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_10.ABSTRACTThe vertebrate nervous system is divided into central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) components. In turn, the PNS is divided into the autonomic (ANS) and enteric (ENS) nervous systems. Ageing implicates time-related changes to anatomy and physiology in reducing organismal fitness. In the case of the CNS, there exists substantial experimental evidence of the effects of age on individual neuronal and glial function. Although many such changes have yet to be experimentally observed in the PNS, there is considerable evidence of the role of ageing in the d...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Michael Takla Khalil Saadeh Gary Tse Christopher L-H Huang Kamalan Jeevaratnam Source Type: research
Astrocytes in Ageing
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:253-277. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_11.ABSTRACTAgeing is associated with a morphological and functional decline of astrocytes with a prevalence of morphological atrophy and loss of function. In particular, ageing is manifested by the shrinkage of astrocytic processes: branches and leaflets, which decreases synaptic coverage. Astrocytic dystrophy affects multiple functions astrocytes play in the brain active milieu. In particular, and in combination with an age-dependent decline in the expression of glutamate transporters, astrocytic atrophy translates into deficient glutamate clearance and K+ ...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Alexei Verkhratsky Alexey Semyanov Source Type: research
Hearing and Ageing
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:279-290. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_12.ABSTRACTAge-related hearing loss (ARHL), or presbycusis, occurs in most mammals, humans included, with a different age of onset and magnitude of loss. It is associated with two major symptoms: loss of sensitivity to sound, especially for high pitches, and a reduced ability to understand speech in background noise. This phenomenon involves both the peripheral structures of the inner ear and the central acoustic pathways. Several mechanisms have been identified as pro-ageing in the human cochlea. The main one is the oxidative stress. The inner ear physiolog...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Mariapia Guerrieri Roberta Di Mauro Stefano Di Girolamo Arianna Di Stadio Source Type: research
Melatonin and Aging
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:291-307. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_13.ABSTRACTThe health problems associated with the aging process are becoming increasingly widespread due to the increase in mean life expectancy taking place globally. While decline of many organ functions is an unavoidable concomitant of senescence, these can be delayed or moderated by a range of factors. Among these are dietary changes and weight control, taking sufficient exercise, and the utilization of various micronutrients. The utility of incurring appropriate changes in lifestyle is generally not confined to a single organ system but has a broadly p...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Stephen C Bondy Source Type: research
Protein and Energy Supplements for the Elderly
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:309-339. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_14.ABSTRACTThe proportion of elderly individuals is rising globally, and data have shown that as high as 8% of the elderly community suffer from malnutrition. Protein energy malnutrition has shown to elevate morbidity and mortality risk in the elderly; therefore, protein and energy supplement are needed for the elderly populations to create healthy conditions. This chapter describes about general structure of protein, protein turnover, amino acid metabolism including metabolism in the elderly, protein change in aging, supplementation of amino acid as well as...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Novi Silvia Hardiany Istiqomah Agusta Syarifah Dewi Febriana Catur Iswanti Reni Paramita Source Type: research
