The Art of Viral Membrane Fusion and Penetration
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:113-152. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_4.ABSTRACTAs obligate pathogens, viruses have developed diverse mechanisms to deliver their genome across host cell membranes to sites of virus replication. While enveloped viruses utilize viral fusion proteins to accomplish fusion of their envelope with the cellular membrane, non-enveloped viruses rely on machinery that causes local membrane ruptures and creates an opening through which the capsid or viral genome is released. Both membrane fusion and membrane penetration take place at the plasma membrane or in intracellular compartments, often involving the...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - December 30, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Sophie L Winter Petr Chlanda Source Type: research
Single-Particle Tracking of Virus Entry in Live Cells
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:153-168. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_5.ABSTRACTNovel imaging technologies such as single-particle tracking provide tools to study the intricate process of virus infection in host cells. In this chapter, we provide an overview of studies in which single-particle tracking technologies were applied for the analysis of the viral entry pathways in the context of the live host cell. Single-particle tracking techniques have been dependent on advances in the fluorescent labeling microscopy method and image analysis. The mechanistic and kinetic insights offered by this technique will provide a better un...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - December 30, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Xiaowei Zhang Wei Li Zongqiang Cui Source Type: research
Correlative Cryo-imaging Using Soft X-Ray Tomography for the Study of Virus Biology in Cells and Tissues
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:169-196. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_6.ABSTRACTViruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that depend on their host cell machinery and metabolism for their replicative life cycle. Virus entry, replication, and assembly are dynamic processes that lead to the reorganisation of host cell components. Therefore, a complete understanding of the viral processes requires their study in the cellular context where advanced imaging has been proven valuable in providing the necessary information. Among the available imaging techniques, soft X-ray tomography (SXT) at cryogenic temperatures can provide thr...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - December 30, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Archana C Jadhav Ilias Kounatidis Source Type: research
The Virus-Induced Cytopathic Effect
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:197-210. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_7.ABSTRACTThe cytopathic effect comprises the set of cellular alterations produced by a viral infection. It is of great relevance since it constitutes a direct marker of infection. Likewise, these alterations are often virus-specific which makes them a phenotypic marker for many viral species. All these characteristics have been used to complement the study of the dynamics of virus-cell interactions through the kinetic study of the progression of damage produced by the infection. Various approaches have been used to monitor the cytopathic effect, ranging fro...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - December 30, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Daniel C éspedes-Tenorio Jorge L Arias-Arias Source Type: research
Human Papilloma Virus-Infected Cells
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:213-226. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_8.ABSTRACTHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with infection of different tissues, such as the cervix, anus, vagina, penis, vulva, oropharynx, throat, tonsils, back of the tongue, skin, the lungs, among other tissues. HPV infection may or may not be associated with the development of cancer, where HPVs not related to cancer are defined as low-risk HPVs and are associated with papillomatosis disease. In contrast, high-risk HPVs (HR-HPVs) are associated with developing cancers in areas that HR-HPV infects, such as the cervix. In general, infection of HPV ...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - December 30, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera Source Type: research
Defining the Assembleome of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:227-249. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_9.ABSTRACTDuring respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) particle assembly, the mature RSV particles form as filamentous projections on the surface of RSV-infected cells. The RSV assembly process occurs at the / on the cell surface that is modified by a virus infection, involving a combination of several different host cell factors and cellular processes. This induces changes in the lipid composition and properties of these lipid microdomains, and the virus-induced activation of associated Rho GTPase signaling networks drives the remodeling of the underlying filam...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - December 30, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Richard J Sugrue Boon Huan Tan Source Type: research
Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Infected Cells
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:251-281. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_10.ABSTRACTRNA virus infections have been a leading cause of pandemics. Aided by global warming and increased connectivity, their threat is likely to increase over time. The flaviviruses are one such RNA virus family, and its prototypes such as the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Dengue virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, etc., pose a significant health burden on several endemic countries. All viruses start off their life cycle with an infected cell, wherein a series of events are set in motion as the virus and host battle for autonomy. With their remarka...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - December 30, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Kiran Bala Sharma Simran Chhabra Manjula Kalia Source Type: research
African Swine Fever Virus Host-Pathogen Interactions
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:283-331. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_11.ABSTRACTAfrican swine fever virus is a complex double-stranded DNA virus that exhibits tropism for cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. Virus replication is a multi-step process that involves the nucleus of the host cell as well the formation of large perinuclear sites where progeny virions are assembled prior to transport to, and budding through, the plasma membrane. Like many viruses, African swine fever virus reorganises the cellular architecture to facilitate its replication and has evolved multiple mechanisms to avoid the potential deleterious...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - December 30, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Christopher L Netherton Gareth L Shimmon Joshua Y K Hui Samuel Connell Ana Luisa Reis Source Type: research
Coronavirus and the Cytoskeleton of Virus-Infected Cells
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:333-364. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_12.ABSTRACTThe cytoskeleton, which includes actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, is one of the most important networks in the cell and undertakes many fundamental life activities. Among them, actin filaments are mainly responsible for maintaining cell shape and mediating cell movement, microtubules are in charge of coordinating all cargo transport within the cell, and intermediate filaments are mainly thought to guard against external mechanical pressure. In addition to this, cytoskeleton networks are also found to play an essential rol...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - December 30, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Yifan Xing Qian Zhang Yaming Jiu Source Type: research
Viral RNA Is a Hub for Critical Host-Virus Interactions
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:365-385. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_13.ABSTRACTRNA is a central molecule in the life cycle of viruses, acting not only as messenger (m)RNA but also as a genome. Given these critical roles, it is not surprising that viral RNA is a hub for host-virus interactions. However, the interactome of viral RNAs remains largely unknown. This chapter discusses the importance of cellular RNA-binding proteins in virus infection and the emergent approaches developed to uncover and characterise them.PMID:38159234 | DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_13 (Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry)
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - December 30, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Alfredo Castello Louisa Iselin Source Type: research
Influenza A Virus: Cellular Entry
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:387-401. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_14.ABSTRACTThe frequent emergence of pathogenic viruses with pandemic potential has posed a significant threat to human health and economy, despite enormous advances in our understanding of infection mechanisms and devising countermeasures through developing various prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. The recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has re-emphasised the importance of rigorous research on virus infection mechanisms and highlighted the need for our preparedness for potential pandemics. Although viruses cannot self-replicate, they tap i...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - December 30, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Yasuyuki Miyake Yuya Hara Miki Umeda Indranil Banerjee Source Type: research
Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Diseases
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:403-439. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_15.ABSTRACTHuman endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), which are conserved sequences of ancient retroviruses, are widely distributed in the human genome. Although most HERVs have been rendered inactive by evolution, some have continued to exhibit important cytological functions. HERVs in the human genome perform dual functions: on the one hand, they are involved in important physiological processes such as placental development and immune regulation; on the other hand, their aberrant expression is closely associated with the pathological processes of several dise...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - December 30, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Tian-Jiao Fan Jie Cui Source Type: research
Cholesterol and M2 Rendezvous in Budding and Scission of Influenza A Virus
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:441-459. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_16.ABSTRACTThe cholesterol of the host cell plasma membrane and viral M2 protein plays a crucial role in multiple stages of infection and replication of the influenza A virus. Cholesterol is required for the formation of heterogeneous membrane microdomains (or rafts) in the budozone of the host cell that serves as assembly sites for the viral components. The raft microstructures act as scaffolds for several proteins. Cholesterol may further contribute to the mechanical forces necessary for membrane scission in the last stage of budding and help to maintain t...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - December 30, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Jesper J Madsen Jeremy S Rossman Source Type: research
Introduction: Historical Development and Progression of Clinical Research on Ageing
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:1-12. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_1.ABSTRACTResearch on ageing has developed since Greek times. It had a very slow advance during the Middle Ages and a big increase in the Renaissance. Darwin contributed somehow to the understanding of the ageing process and initiated a cumulus of ageing explications under the name of Evolutionary Theories. Subsequently, science discovered a great number of genes, molecules, and cell processes that intervened in ageing. This led to the beginning of trials in animals to retard or avoid the ageing process. Alongside this, improvements, geriatric clinical investig...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Carmen Garc ía-Peña Pamela Tella-Vega Ra úl Hernán Medina-Campos H éctor García-Hernández Source Type: research
Bone Cells Metabolic Changes Induced by Ageing
Subcell Biochem. 2023;103:13-29. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_2.ABSTRACTBone is a living organ that exhibits active metabolic processes, presenting constant bone formation and resorption. The bone cells that maintain local homeostasis are osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and bone marrow stem cells, their progenitor cells. Osteoblasts are the main cells that govern bone formation, osteoclasts are involved in bone resorption, and osteocytes, the most abundant bone cells, also participate in bone remodeling. All these cells have active metabolic activities, are interconnected and influence each other, having both autocr...
Source: Sub-Cellular Biochemistry - April 29, 2023 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Anca Cardoneanu Ciprian Rezus Bogdan Ionel Tamba Elena Rezus Source Type: research
