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Update on Sepsis Epidemiology in the Era of COVID-19
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 173-184 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759880Timely and accurate data on the epidemiology of sepsis is essential to inform public policy, clinical practice, and research priorities. Recent studies have illuminated several ongoing questions about sepsis epidemiology, including the incidence and outcomes of sepsis in non-Western countries and in specialized populations such as surgical patients, patients with cancer, and the elderly. There have also been new insights into the limitations of current surveillance methods using administrative data and increasing experience tracking sepsis incidence an...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Shappell, Claire Rhee, Chanu Klompas, Michael Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

COVID-19 Vaccines —All You Want to Know
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 143-172 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759779The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has led to an unprecedented public health crisis. The collective global response has led to production of multiple safe and effective vaccines utilizing novel platforms to combat the virus that have propelled the field of vaccinology forward. Significant challenges to universal vaccine effectiveness remain, including immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2 variants, waning of immune response, inadequate knowledge of correlates of protection, and dosing in special populations. This review se...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Shishido, Akira A. Barnes, Ashley H. Narayanan, Shivakumar Chua, Joel V. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

“Long Haulers”
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 130-142 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759568Post-COVID conditions continue to afflict patients long after acute severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) infection. Over 50 symptoms across multiple organ systems have been reported, with pulmonary, cardiovascular, and neuropsychiatric sequelae occurring most frequently. Multiple terms have been used to describe post-COVID conditions including long COVID, long-haul COVID, postacute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, long-term effects of COVID, and chronic COVID-19; however, standardi...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Lutchmansingh, Denyse D. Higuero Sevilla, Jean Paul Possick, Jennifer D. Gulati, Mridu Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Use of Antiviral Agents and other Therapies for COVID-19
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 118-129 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758837The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a remarkably rapid development of a range of effective prophylactic vaccines, including new technologies that had not previously been approved for human use. In contrast, the development of new small molecule antiviral therapeutics has taken years to produce the first approved drugs specifically targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), with the intervening years filled with attempts to repurpose existing drugs and the development of biological therapeutics. This revi...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Blaskovich, Mark A.T. Verderosa, Anthony D. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Glucocorticoid Therapy in COVID-19
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 100-117 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759778Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in significant mortality in pandemic proportions. Inflammation in response to the infection contributes to the pathogenesis of pneumonia. This review will discuss prior studies on the use of glucocorticoids to treat respiratory infections, the rationale for the use glucocorticoids in COVID-19, and review of existing data. We will also highlight outstanding research questions for future studies. [...] Thieme Medical Publisher...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Amati, Francesco Tonutti, Antonio Huston, John Dela Cruz, Charles S. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Techniques for Oxygenation and Ventilation in Coronavirus Disease 2019
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 091-099 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758836This paper discusses mechanisms of hypoxemia and interventions to oxygenate critically ill patients with COVID-19 which range from nasal cannula to noninvasive and mechanical ventilation. Noninvasive ventilation includes continuous positive airway pressure ventilation (CPAP) and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) with or without proning. The evidence for each of these modalities is discussed and thereafter, when to transition to mechanical ventilation (MV). Various techniques of MV, again with and without proning, and rescue strategies which would include ...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Richards, Guy A. Smith, Oliver Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Severity of Illness Scores and Biomarkers for Prognosis of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 075-090 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759567The spectrum of disease severity and the insidiousness of clinical presentation make it difficult to recognize patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at higher risk of worse outcomes or death when they are seen in the early phases of the disease. There are now well-established risk factors for worse outcomes in patients with COVID-19. These should be factored in when assessing the prognosis of these patients. However, a more precise prognostic assessment in an individual patient may warrant the use of predictive tools. In this manuscript, we...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Cavallazzi, Rodrigo Bradley, James Chandler, Thomas Furmanek, Stephen Ramirez, Julio A. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Clinical Epidemiology of Pediatric Coronavirus Disease 2019 and its Postacute Sequelae
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 066-074 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759566The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected individuals of all ages across. Although children generally experience a benign illness from COVID-19, the emergence of novel variants of the virus has resulted in significant changes in the morbidity and mortality rates for this age group. Currently, COVID-19 is the eighth leading cause of pediatric deaths in the United States. In addition to acute respiratory illness, some children can develop a severe postinfectious condition known as a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, which...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Habet, Victoria Oliveira, Carlos R. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

A Review of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Pregnancy
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 050-065 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758853Pregnancy is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with increased rates of operative delivery, intensive care unit admission, and mechanical ventilation as well as a possible increased risk of death, independent of other risk factors, compared with nonpregnant women with COVID-19. Furthermore, pregnancy outcomes are worse in those with COVID-19 with increased risk for preeclampsia, venous thromboembolism, preterm birth, miscarriage, and stillbirth compared with pregnant women without COVID-19. Imp...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Zamparini, Jarrod Saggers, Robin Buga, Chandia Edward Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

HIV and COVID-19 Disease
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 035-049 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758852Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infected individuals throughout the world remain at significant risk of respiratory infections and non-communicable disease. Severe disease from SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a hyperinflammatory phenotype which manifests in the lungs as pneumonia and in some cases can lead to acute respiratory failure. Progression to severe COVID-19 is associated with comorbid disease such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, however data concerning the associated risks of HIV coinfection are stil...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Venturas, Jacqui P. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Cardiovascular Complications in Coronavirus Disease 2019 —Pathogenesis and Management
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 021-034 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760096The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a devastating impact on morbidity and mortality around the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 has a characteristic tropism for the cardiovascular system by entering the host cells and binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, which are expressed in different cells, particularly endothelial cells. This endothelial injury is linked by a direct intracellular viral invasion leading to inflammation, microthrombosis, and angiogenesis. COVID-19 has been associated with...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Restrepo, Marcos I. Marin-Corral, Judith Rodriguez, Juan J. Restrepo, Valeria Cavallazzi, Rodrigo Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Clinical Features of COVID-19 and Differentiation from Other Causes of CAP
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 008-020 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759889Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, one of the most common reasons for infection-related death worldwide. Causes of CAP include numerous viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens, though frequently no specific organism is found. Beginning in 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused incredible morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 has many features typical of CAP such as fever, respiratory distress, and cough, and can be difficult to distinguish from other types of CAP. Here, we highlight unique clinical features...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Gao, Catherine A. Pickens, Chiagozie I. Morales-Nebreda, Luisa Wunderink, Richard G. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

The Origins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 003-007 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759564An outbreak of severe pneumonia of unknown cause was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019: the causative agent was a novel betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-cotonavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a virus that joins a list of coronaviruses causing severe (e.g., SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome) or milder (e.g., 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1) respiratory tract infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) classified the spreading outbreak as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Many SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been identifie...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Dwyer, Dominic E. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Covid-19
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44: 001-002 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759777 Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USAArticle in Thieme eJournals: Table of contents  |  Full text (Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine)
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 16, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Dela Cruz, Charles S. Feldman, Charles Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Microbial Epidemiology of the Cystic Fibrosis Airways: Past, Present, and Future
Semin Respir Crit Care Med DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758732Progressive obstructive lung disease secondary to chronic airway infection, coupled with impaired host immunity, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Classical pathogens found in the airways of persons with CF (pwCF) include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, the Burkholderia cepacia complex, Achromobacter species, and Haemophilus influenzae. While traditional respiratory-tract surveillance culturing has focused on this limited range of pathogens, the use of both comprehensive culture and culture-independent molecular appr...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 9, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Thornton, Christina S. Parkins, Michael D. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research