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G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor GPER: Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutic Applications
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2023 Jan 20;63:295-320. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-031122-121944.ABSTRACTThe actions of estrogens and related estrogenic molecules are complex and multifaceted in both sexes. A wide array of natural, synthetic, and therapeutic molecules target pathways that produce and respond to estrogens. Multiple receptors promulgate these responses, including the classical estrogen receptors of the nuclear hormone receptor family (estrogen receptors α and β), which function largely as ligand-activated transcription factors, and the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor, GPER, which activat...
Source: Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology - January 20, 2023 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Jeffrey B Arterburn Eric R Prossnitz Source Type: research

Lipoxin Mimetics and the Resolution of Inflammation
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2023 Jan 20;63:429-448. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-085407.ABSTRACTInflammation and its timely resolution are critical to ensure effective host defense and appropriate tissue repair after injury and or infection. Chronic, unresolved inflammation typifies many prevalent pathologies. The key mediators that initiate and drive the inflammatory response are well defined and targeted by conventional anti-inflammatory therapeutics. More recently, there is a growing appreciation that specific mediators, including arachidonate-derived lipoxins, are generated in self-limiting inflammatory respons...
Source: Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology - January 20, 2023 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Catherine Godson Patrick Guiry Eoin Brennan Source Type: research

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatases: No Longer Undruggable?
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2023 Jan 20;63:617-636. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-121923.ABSTRACTPhosphatases and kinases maintain an equilibrium of dephosphorylated and phosphorylated proteins, respectively, that are required for critical cellular functions. Imbalance in this equilibrium or irregularity in their function causes unfavorable cellular effects that have been implicated in the development of numerous diseases. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) catalyze the dephosphorylation of protein substrates on tyrosine residues, and their involvement in cell signaling and diseases such as cancer and inflammatory...
Source: Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology - January 20, 2023 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Shanelle R Shillingford Anton M Bennett Source Type: research

Pros and Cons of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2023 Jan 20;63:383-406. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-090208.ABSTRACTThe long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are found in seafood, supplements, and concentrated pharmaceutical preparations. Prospective cohort studies demonstrate an association between higher intakes of EPA+DHA or higher levels of EPA and DHA in the body and lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction, and of cardiovascular mortality in the general population. The cardioprotective effect of EPA and...
Source: Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology - January 20, 2023 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Ivana Djuricic Philip C Calder Source Type: research

Roadmap for Achieving Universal Antiretroviral Treatment
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2023 Jan 20;63:99-117. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052020-094321.ABSTRACTModern antiretroviral therapy safely, potently, and durably suppresses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that, if left untreated, predictably causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which has been responsible for tens of millions of deaths globally since it was described in 1981. In one of the most extraordinary medical success stories in modern times, a combination of pioneering basic science, innovative drug development, and ambitious public health programming resulted in access to lifesaving, safe drugs, tak...
Source: Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology - January 20, 2023 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Simiso Sokhela Samanta Lalla-Edward Mark J Siedner Mohammed Majam Willem Daniel Francois Venter Source Type: research