Closed-Loop Systems in Neuromodulation
Most currently available neuromodulation techniques for pain work through an open-loop system. The distance between the epidural space and the target of the stimulation in a dynamic body can change because of physiologic conditions. The closed-loop system in spinal cord neuromodulation consists of an integrated system that records real-time electrophysiological activity in the form of evoked compound action potentials and uses it in a feedback mechanism to adjust stimulus output. Wearables represent newly developed technologies that have gained traction in recent years. Their application in pain management is still developing but promising.
Source: Neurosurgery Clinics of North America - Category: Neurosurgery Authors: Thiago S. Montenegro, Rushna Ali, Jeffrey E. Arle Source Type: research
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