The Role of Transforming Growth Factor β in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Systematic Review

Schematic overview of the effect of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in gastric and esophageal cancer. VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor, HLA-G = human leukocyte antigen G, MMT = mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, Treg = regulatory T cell. A red highlight denotes a tumor-promoting effect, a green highlight shows a tumor-suppressing effect and a grey highlight indicates no effect of TGF-β.
Source: Cancer Treatment Reviews - Category: Cancer & Oncology Authors: Source Type: research