Development and validation of a gel wax phantom to evaluate geometric accuracy and measurement of a hyperechoic target diameter in diagnostic ultrasound imaging

This study aimed to develop a low-cost gel wax phantom with targets to determine the lateral and axial resolution and diameter of a hyperechoic target in an US scanner. The acoustic property (AP) of gel wax, which includes the speed of sound (cus), acoustic impedance (Z), and attenuation coefficient (µ), were determined for multiple transducers operating at 2.25, 5, 10, 15, and 30  MHz. These results were compared to the AP of soft tissue. Two polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) rectangular frames with holes separated by 5, 10, and 20 mm were constructed. Nylon filaments and stainless-steel disc (SS disc) (diameter = 16.8 mm) were threaded through the frames and suitably pl aced in gel wax to obtain orthogonal targets in the phantom. The target dimensions obtained from computerized tomography (CT) and US images of the phantom were compared for phantom validation. The averagecus=1431.4  m/s, mass densityρ = 0.87 g/cm3,Z = 1.24 MRayls, andµ ranged from 0.7 to 0.98 dB/cm/MHz for gel wax at 22  °C. The US image measurement exhibited a maximum error in determining the diameter of the SS disc, resulting in a value of 18 mm instead of its actual value of 16.8 mm. The phantom volume decreased by 1.8% in 62 weeks. The present phantom is affordable, stable, customizable, and can be used to evaluate diagnostic US scanners across multiple centers.
Source: Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine - Category: Biomedical Engineering Source Type: research