Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: a comprehensive review

AbstractGallibacterium anatis (G. anatis), a member of thePasteurellaceae family, normally inhabits the upper respiratory and lower genital tracts of poultry. However, under certain circumstances of immunosuppression, co-infection (especially withEscherichia coli orMycoplasma), or various stressors,G. anatis caused respiratory, reproductive, and systemic diseases. Infection withG. anatis has emerged in different countries worldwide. The bacterium affects mainly chickens; however, other species of domestic and wild birds may get infected. Horizontal, vertical, and venereal routes ofG. anatis infection have been reported. The pathogenicity ofG. anatis is principally related to the presence of some essential virulence factors such asGallibacterium toxin A, fimbriae, haemagglutinin, outer membrane vesicles, capsule, biofilms, and protease. The clinical picture ofG. anatis infection is mainly represented as tracheitis, oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, while other lesions may be noted in cases of concomitant infection. Control of such infection depends mainly on applying biosecurity measures and vaccination. The antimicrobial sensitivity test is necessary for the correct treatment ofG. anatis. However, the development of multiple drug resistance is common. This review article sheds light onG. anatis regarding history, susceptibility, dissemination, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, and control measures.
Source: Tropical Animal Health and Production - Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research