Towards online surface water quality monitoring technology: A review

Environ Res. 2023 Sep 14:117147. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117147. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe exponential growth of human population and anthropogenic activities have led to the increase of global surface water contamination especially in river, lakes and ocean. Safe and clean surface water sources are crucial to human health and well-being, aquatic ecosystem, environment and economy. Thus, water monitoring is a vital need to ensure minimal and controllable contamination in the water sources. The conventional surface water monitoring method involves collecting samples on site and then testing them in the laboratory, which is time-consuming and not able to provide real-time water quality data. In addition, it involves many manpower and resources, costly and lack of integration. These make surface water quality monitoring more challenging. The incorporation of Internet of Things (IoT) with smart based technology has contributed to the improvement of monitoring system. There are different approaches in the implementation of online surface water quality monitoring to provide real-time data collection with lower operating cost. This paper reviews the sensors and system developed by researchers for the online surface water quality monitoring in the previous studies. The calibration and validation of the sensors, challenges and improvements in the design and development of IoT and IoT with smart based technology in the surface water quality monitoring system are also discuss...
Source: Environmental Research - Category: Environmental Health Authors: Source Type: research