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Renalase: its role as a cytokine, and an update on its association with type 1 diabetes and ischemic stroke
Purpose of review: Remarkable progress has been achieved over the past 2 years in understanding the cellular actions of renalase, its pathophysiology and potential therapeutic utility. Recent findings: There has been a paradigm shift in our thinking about the mechanisms underlying the cellular actions of renalase. We now understand that, independent of its enzymatic properties, renalase functions as a signaling molecule, a cytokine that interacts with a yet-to-be identified plasma membrane receptor(s) to activate protein kinase B and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. These signaling properties are critical to i...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - September 1, 2014 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT: Edited by Alan S.L. Yu Source Type: research

Direct oral anticoagulants in chronic kidney disease: an update
Purpose of review Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are variably eliminated by the kidneys rendering their use potentially problematic in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or necessitating appropriate dose adjustment. Recent findings Both observational and limited randomized trial data for DOACs compared with no treatment or with warfarin for patients with atrial fibrillation on maintenance dialysis were recently published. In a randomized trial in patients on hemodialysis, there was no significant difference in vascular calcification between patients who received rivaroxaban with or without vitamin K2 or vi...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - August 1, 2020 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS: Edited by Sankar D. Navaneethan Source Type: research

Recent developments on the vascular effects of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
This article presents past and recent findings that focus on the role of 20-HETE in the regulation of the vasculature in health and disease and the implication of its actions on endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells to the pathogenesis of hypertension and stroke. Summary: To date clinical studies corroborated animal studies in that they place 20-HETE as a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, uncovering 20-HETE effects in the vasculature along with understanding its mechanism of action provide a strong basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to preve...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - February 1, 2017 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION: Edited by Nancy J. Brown Source Type: research

Novel oral anticoagulants in chronic kidney disease: ready for prime time?
Purpose of review Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk of atrial fibrillation, stroke, and bleeding posing unique clinical challenges. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) including dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban have become recognized as alternative therapy to Vitamin K Antagonists (VKA) regarding the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and reduce the risk of stroke in atrial fibrillation. However, the understanding of NOACs in CKD is still underdeveloped. This review summarizes recent literature on the efficacy and safety of NOACs in patients with CKD. Recent findings Studies f...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - April 5, 2018 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION: Edited by Navdeep Tangri Source Type: research

Epidemiologic insights on the role of fibroblast growth factor 23 in cardiovascular disease
Purpose of review: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) regulates phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis and rises as kidney function declines. Animal studies have demonstrated direct and indirect effects of FGF23 that may promote heart disease. Herein, we review the recent epidemiologic literature evaluating the relationship between FGF23 and cardiovascular disease. Recent findings: In observational prospective studies, higher FGF23 associates with a greater risk of incident cardiovascular disease including ischemic heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. These studies establish a temporal sequence of e...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - April 14, 2015 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION: Edited by Navdeep Tangri Source Type: research

Water and solute transport across the peritoneal membrane
Purpose of review: We review the molecular mechanisms of peritoneal transport and discuss how a better understanding of these mechanisms is relevant for dialysis therapy. Recent findings: Peritoneal dialysis involves diffusion and osmosis through the highly vascularized peritoneal membrane. Computer simulations, expression studies and functional analyses in Aqp1 knockout mice demonstrated the critical role of the water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) in water removal during peritoneal dialysis. Pharmacologic regulation of AQP1, either through increased expression or gating, is associated with increased water transport in rodent...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - August 11, 2015 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT: Edited by Alan S.L. Yu Source Type: research

Potential role of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension
Purpose of review: The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have hypertension requiring combination therapy. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are novel glucose-lowering drugs with shared and potentially unique beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk beyond glycemic control. This review focuses on the potential role of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension associated with T2DM. Recent findings: SGLT2 inhibitors reduce office SBP by 3–5 mmHg and DBP by 2–3 mmHg across all class members. Corresponding clinically meaningful, significant blood pressure (BP) lowering e...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - February 5, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION: Edited by Nancy J. Brown Source Type: research

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and diminazene: role in cardiovascular and blood pressure regulation
Purpose of review: Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important regulator of the renin–angiotensin system through actions to degrade angiotensin II. Loss of ACE2 can contribute to the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, and experimental studies have highlighted a beneficial role for novel therapeutic approaches that activate or replenish tissue ACE2. This review focuses on experimental studies that have used the off-target effects of the antitrypanosomal agent, diminazene aceturate (DIZE) to activate ACE2. Recent findings: In cardiovascular disease, activation of the classical renin–angiot...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - August 5, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS: Edited by Adam Whaley-Connell and Sankar D. Navaneethan Source Type: research

Self-monitoring and self-management: new interventions to improve blood pressure control
This article reviews recent developments in self-monitoring and self-management of hypertension aimed at the improvement of blood pressure (BP) control. Recent findings: There is an increasing body of evidence examining the effects of self-monitoring on BP control. Several landmark studies in recent years have demonstrated clinically relevant benefit from self-monitoring based interventions. Self-management of BP with self-titration has shown particular promise, as has self-monitoring combined with intensive health-care led support. There is a lack of evidence on the benefits of self-monitoring for those with important co...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - October 11, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: DIAGNOSTICS AND TECHNIQUES: Edited by Maarten W. Taal Source Type: research

Cardiovascular complications in chronic dialysis patients
Purpose of review: This review article focuses on the most significant cardiovascular complications in dialysis patients [sudden cardiac death (SCD), acute coronary syndromes, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation]. Recent findings: Current and ongoing research aims to quantify the rate and pattern of significant arrhythmia in dialysis patients and to determine the predominant mechanism of SCD. Preliminary findings from these studies suggest a high rate of atrial fibrillation and that bradycardia and asystole may be more frequent than ventricular arrhythmia as a cause of sudden death. A recently published matched cohort ...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - October 11, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: DIALYSIS AND TRANSPLANTATION: Edited by J. Kevin Tucker and Mario Rubin Source Type: research

The gut microbiome and hypertension
Purpose of review: The mammalian mucosal surfaces are densely inhabited by a diverse microbial ecosystem termed the microbiota. Among these highly heterogeneous populations, the largest and richest is the gut microbiota, recently suggested to affect various physiological traits and susceptibility to disease. Novel metagenomic and metabolomic approaches, which have been developed in the past decade, have enabled the elucidation of the contribution of the microbiota to metabolic, immunologic, neurologic and endocrine homeostasis. Recent findings: Dysbiosis, the alteration in the gut microbiota composition and function, has ...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - November 30, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: CIRCULATION AND HEMODYNAMICS: Edited by Roland C. Blantz and Matthew R. Weir Source Type: research

Future considerations based on the information from Barrter's and Gitelman's syndromes
Purpose of review: Bartter and Gitelman syndromes are typical normotensive salt losing hypokalaemic tubulopathies. Their pathogenesis was gradually deciphered in the past 5 decades, first by typical salt balance studies and histopathology, followed by genetic characterization and discovery of the affected different ion channels. Although the different genotypic subtypes were originally thought to show a similar phenotype, important clinical and biochemical differences can now be found. New findings on the regulation of these channels, as well as the recent discovery of newly affected genes, merit an update on this topic. ...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - November 30, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: CIRCULATION AND HEMODYNAMICS: Edited by Roland C. Blantz and Matthew R. Weir Source Type: research

Role of corin in the regulation of blood pressure
Purpose of review: Corin is a transmembrane protease that activates atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), an important hormone in regulating salt-water balance and blood pressure. This review focuses on the regulation of corin function and potential roles of corin defects in hypertensive, heart, and renal diseases. Recent findings: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-6 has been identified as a primary enzyme that converts zymogen corin to an active protease. Genetic variants that impair corin intracellular trafficking, cell surface expression, and zymogen activation have been found in patients with hypertension, cardiac hy...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - February 1, 2017 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION: Edited by Nancy J. Brown Source Type: research

Intensive blood pressure lowering in chronic kidney disease: the time has come
Purpose of review: Release of the findings from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial has resulted in a renewed examination of intensive blood pressure (BP) lowering. Only a few national hypertension guidelines (Canada and Australia) have changed recommendations, but considerable heterogeneity still exists with respect to the patient population to whom intensive BP lowering may apply. Recent findings: There is fairly robust evidence that lower BP targets in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) results in a decrease in heart failure and mortality. Similar data exist in patients with diabetes and CKD for reduct...
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - April 5, 2017 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION: Edited by Navdeep Tangri Source Type: research

Which anticoagulants should be used for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation and severe chronic kidney disease?
Purpose of review Non-valvular atrial fibrillation is common in patients with severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) and historically patients have been treated with vitamin K antagonists (VKA). However, these agents have questionable efficacy and are associated with increased bleeding risk. Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOAC) have advantages over VKA in early stage CKD. In this review, we sought to establish evidence for best practice in patients with severe CKD (creatinine clearance
Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension - October 5, 2018 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: DIAGNOSTICS AND TECHNIQUES: Edited by Maarten W. Taal Source Type: research

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