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Quantitative assessment of cerebrospinal fluid flow and volume in enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces of infancy using MRI
ConclusionCSF volumes were significantly larger in infants with enlarged subarachnoid spaces of infancy versus infants with a normal MRI; however, there was no significant difference in CSF flow parameters between the two groups.
Source: Pediatric Radiology - April 27, 2023 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Magnetic resonance imaging protocols in pediatric stroke
AbstractNeuroimaging protocols play an important role in the timely evaluation and treatment of pediatric stroke and its mimics. MRI protocols for stroke in the pediatric population should be guided by the clinical scenario and neurologic examination, with consideration of age, suspected infarct type and underlying risk factors. Acute stroke diagnosis and causes in pediatric age groups can differ significantly from those in adult populations, and delay in stroke diagnosis among children is a common problem. An awareness of pediatric stroke presentations and risk factors among pediatric emergency physicians, neurologists, p...
Source: Pediatric Radiology - January 6, 2023 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the pediatric brain
AbstractBrain contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an emerging application that can complement gray-scale US and yield additional insights into cerebral flow dynamics. CEUS uses intravenous injection of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) to highlight tissue perfusion and thus more clearly delineate cerebral pathologies including stroke, hypoxic –ischemic injury and focal lesions such as tumors and vascular malformations. It can be applied not only in infants with open fontanelles but also in older children and adults via a transtemporal window or surgically created acoustic window. Advancements in CEUS technology and po...
Source: Pediatric Radiology - February 18, 2021 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Deep medullary vein engorgement and superficial medullary vein engorgement: two patterns of perinatal venous stroke
AbstractPerinatal venous stroke has classically been attributed to cerebral sinovenous thrombosis with resultant congestion or thrombosis of the small veins draining the cerebrum. Advances in brain MRI, in particular susceptibility-weighted imaging, have enabled the visualization of the engorged small intracerebral veins, and the spectrum of perinatal venous stroke has expanded to include isolated congestion or thrombosis of the deep medullary veins and the superficial intracerebral veins. Congestion or thrombosis of the deep medullary veins or the superficial intracerebral veins can result in vasogenic edema, cytotoxic ed...
Source: Pediatric Radiology - October 22, 2020 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Fetal brain small vessel disease 1 caused by a novel mutation in the COL4A1 gene
AbstractA singleton fetus was referred to fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 25  weeks due to mild ventriculomegaly and an abnormal fetal echocardiogram showing cardiomegaly, right ventricular hypertrophy and tricuspid insufficiency. Patchy areas of ischemic infarction, extensive subacute and chronic hemorrhage not respecting vascular territories, encephaloclastic cysts and cl osed lip schizencephaly were identified. Cataract was detected postnatally. The anomalies were caused by a pathogenic mutation (c.353 G>A; p.G118D) in the COL4A1 gene. The phenotype seen in this case, i.e. small vessel cerebral disease wi...
Source: Pediatric Radiology - October 15, 2020 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Intracranial calcifications in childhood: Part 2
This article is the second of a two-part series on intracranial calcification in childhood. In Part 1, the authors discussed the main differences between physiological and pathological intracranial calcification. They also outlined histological intracranial calcification characteristics and how these can be detected across different neuroimaging modalities. Part 1 emphasized the importance of age at presentation and intracranial calcification location and proposed a comprehensive neuroimaging approach toward the differential diagnosis of the causes of intracranial calcification. Pathological intracranial calcification can ...
Source: Pediatric Radiology - July 7, 2020 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Utility of Hounsfield unit and hematocrit values in the diagnosis of acute venous sinus thrombosis in unenhanced brain CTs in the pediatric population
ConclusionOptimal cutoff values of 58 HU and HU:Hct ratios of 1.4 lead to sensitivities of 100% in diagnosing CVST.
Source: Pediatric Radiology - October 16, 2018 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Reversible lesions of the corpus callosum with initially restricted diffusion in a series of Caucasian children
ConclusionA transient lesion of the corpus callosum with restricted diffusion should prompt the radiologist to suggest an infectious trigger in children. The prognosis of these patients was good with normalization of clinical symptoms and MRI without any specific treatment.
Source: Pediatric Radiology - June 14, 2018 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Serial changes in anatomy and ventricular function on dual-source cardiac computed tomography after the Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome
ConclusionCardiac CT can be used to assess serial changes in anatomy and ventricular function after the Norwood procedure in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Source: Pediatric Radiology - September 6, 2017 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Paradoxical centrally increased diffusivity in perinatal arterial ischemic stroke
Conclusion Centrally increased diffusivity was associated with larger stroke volume and the involved tissue was confirmed to be infarcted on follow-up imaging. Radiologists should be aware of this unusual appearance of perinatal arterial ischemic stroke in order to avoid underestimating infarct volume or making an incorrect early diagnosis.
Source: Pediatric Radiology - August 4, 2015 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Analysis of carbonated thin liquids in pediatric neurogenic dysphagia
Conclusion These findings support the hypothesis that carbonated thin liquids may provide an alternative to thickened liquids for children with neurogenic dysphagia. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed.
Source: Pediatric Radiology - March 11, 2015 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Pediatric cardiac MRI: automated left-ventricular volumes and function analysis and effects of manual adjustments
Conclusion Automated segmentation for the evaluation of left ventricular parameters in pediatric MR images proved to be feasible. Automated segmentation + apex/base adjustment provided clinically acceptable parameters for the majority of cases.
Source: Pediatric Radiology - November 18, 2014 Category: Radiology Source Type: research