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The Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Lung Immunology
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37: 157-165DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1572554Despite the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) continues to cause a major impact worldwide. HIV-induced lung disease continues to represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality, although the spectrum of pulmonary diseases has changed. HIV significantly affects the lung, causing acute and chronic cellular changes in the alveolar space. The impact of ART on lung immunology still needs to be fully elucidated. Similar to the periphery, ART affects HIV viral load and reconstitutes CD4+ T cells in the...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - March 14, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Cribbs, Sushma K.Fontenot, Andrew P. Source Type: research

Bacterial Respiratory Infections Complicating Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37: 214-229DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1572558Opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections of the lower respiratory tract, most commonly those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Pneumocystis jirovecii, remain the major causes of mortality in those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Bacterial respiratory pathogens most prevalent in those infected with HIV, other than M. tuberculosis, represent the primary focus of the current review with particular emphasis on the pneumococcus, the leading cause of mortality due to HIV infection in ...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - March 14, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Feldman, CharlesAnderson, Ronald Source Type: research

Zika Virus Disease: A CDC Update for Pediatric Health Care Providers
This article reviews the Zika virus, its epidemiologic characteristics, clinical presentation, laboratory testing, treatment, and prevention to assist providers in the evaluation and management of children with possible Zika virus infection.
Source: PEDIATRICS - May 1, 2016 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Karwowski, M. P., Nelson, J. M., Staples, J. E., Fischer, M., Fleming-Dutra, K. E., Villanueva, J., Powers, A. M., Mead, P., Honein, M. A., Moore, C. A., Rasmussen, S. A. Tags: Infectious Disease, Public Health Special Article Source Type: research

Human Influenza Virus Infections
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37: 487-500 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584801Seasonal and pandemic influenza are the two faces of respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses in humans. As seasonal influenza occurs on an annual basis, the circulating virus strains are closely monitored and a yearly updated vaccination is provided, especially to identified risk populations. Nonetheless, influenza virus infection may result in pneumonia and acute respiratory failure, frequently complicated by bacterial coinfection. Pandemics are, in contrary, unexpected rare events related to the emergence of a reassorted human-pathogenic i...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - August 2, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Peteranderl, Christin Herold, Susanne Schmoldt, Carole Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Metapneumovirus Infections and Respiratory Complications
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37: 512-521 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584800Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are the most common illnesses experienced by people of all ages worldwide. In 2001, a new respiratory pathogen called human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was identified in respiratory secretions. hMPV is an RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family, and it has been isolated on every continent and from individuals of all ages. hMPV causes 7 to 19% of all cases of ARTIs in both hospitalized and outpatient children, and the rate of detection in adults is approximately 3%. Symptoms of hMPV infection range from a mild cold ...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - August 2, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Esposito, Susanna Mastrolia, Maria Vincenza Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection and Pathology
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37: 522-537 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584799The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is by far the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) worldwide in infants and children younger than 2 years. The overwhelming number of hospitalizations due to hRSV-induced ALRTI each year is due, at least in part, to the lack of licensed vaccines against this virus. Thus, hRSV infection is considered a major public health problem and economic burden in most countries. The lung pathology developed in hRSV-infected individuals is characterized by an exacerbated proinflammatory and un...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - August 2, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Bohmwald, Karen Espinoza, Janyra A. Rey-Jurado, Emma G ómez, Roberto S. Gonz ález, Pablo A. Bueno, Susan M. Riedel, Claudia A. Kalergis, Alexis M. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Update on Human Rhinovirus and Coronavirus Infections
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37: 555-571 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584797Human rhinovirus (HRV) and coronavirus (HCoV) infections are associated with both upper respiratory tract illness (“the common cold”) and lower respiratory tract illness (pneumonia). New species of HRVs and HCoVs have been diagnosed in the past decade. More sensitive diagnostic tests such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction have expanded our understanding of the role these viruses play in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts. Recent identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome vi...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - August 2, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Greenberg, Stephen B. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37: 586-602 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584923Adenoviruses (AdVs) are DNA viruses that typically cause mild infections involving the upper or lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or conjunctiva. Rare manifestations of AdV infections include hemorrhagic cystitis, hepatitis, hemorrhagic colitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, or meningoencephalitis. AdV infections are more common in young children, due to lack of humoral immunity. Epidemics of AdV infection may occur in healthy children or adults in closed or crowded settings (particularly military recruits). The disease is more severe and dis...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - August 2, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Lynch, Joseph P. Kajon, Adriana E. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Antibiotic Resistance in Community-Acquired Pneumonia Pathogens
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37: 829-838 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1593753The overwhelming majority of cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) can be treated with the standard antibiotic regimens of a macrolide and cephalosporin or a fluoroquinolone. Despite high rates, current levels of β-lactam resistance generally do not result in treatment failure for patients with CAP when appropriate agents and doses are used. Following the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease declined drastically, coinciding with a decrease in penicillin resistance. Risk factors for m...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - December 12, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Wunderink, Richard G. Yin, Yudong Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Management of Pediatric Acute Mastoiditis in Israel: Nationwide Survey Among Otorhinolaryngologists and Emergency Pediatricians
Conclusions The management of pediatric AM is generally similar by both disciplines. The use of imaging studies is mild-moderate. We call for a national registry and encourage the publication of guidelines.
Source: Pediatric Emergency Care - August 1, 2019 Category: Emergency Medicine Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Retrospective Study in Children With Necrotizing Pneumonia: Nine Years of Intensive Care Experience
Conclusions: In our study, the NN was mainly observed in children around 3 years old. The main causal agent was pneumococcus. The evolution towards NN appeared to be faster than in case of other etiologies. Surgery management was unusual. All children required prolonged admissions but had a full clinical recovery.
Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal - June 11, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Original Studies Source Type: research

The Role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in CAP
Semin Respir Crit Care Med DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1702193With the notable exceptions of the United States and Canada in particular, the global burden of disease in adults due to invasive infection with the dangerous respiratory, bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remains. This situation prevails despite the major successes of inclusion of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in many national childhood immunization programs and associated herd protection in adults, as well as the availability of effective antimicrobial agents. Accurate assessment of the geographic variations in the prevalence of in...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - June 12, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Feldman, Charles Anderson, Ronald Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Q Fever (Coxiella Burnetii)
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 41: 509-521 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1710594Q fever is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the Coxiella burnetii bacterium. It is an obligate intracellular pathogen with a high infection capacity that proliferates exclusively in an acidified medium, forming a lysosome-like vacuole. It presents a peculiar phenomenon called “antigenic phase variation,” produced by a modification in the complexity of the membrane lipopolysaccharides. Q fever can be found worldwide and presents variable clinical features and geographical distribution. It mostly affects people in rural areas who are in contac...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - July 5, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Espa ña, Pedro Pablo Uranga, Ane Cill óniz, Catia Torres, Antoni Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Other Respiratory Viruses as a Cause of Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 41: 579-591 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1710537Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is growing appreciation of the burden of noninfluenza viral pathogens in CAP. Due to multiple factors including pneumococcal vaccination programs, declining rates of cigarette smoking, an aging population, and increasingly sensitive diagnostic tests, respiratory viruses are now the most common pathogens detected in CAP, outpacing Streptococcus pneumoniae. Noninfluenza respiratory pathogens are widely accepted as causal pathogens in CAP including in immunocom...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - July 5, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Walter, James M. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

COVID Positive After Two Vaccine Doses? What It Means COVID Positive After Two Vaccine Doses? What It Means
Drs Robert Glatter, Peter Antevy, Angela Rasmussen, and Nicole Iovine discuss COVID-19 vaccinations in the context of dosing schedules, variants, and the need for booster regimens.Medscape Emergency Medicine
Source: Medscape Critical Care Headlines - March 9, 2021 Category: Intensive Care Tags: Emergency Medicine Commentary Source Type: news