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The intestinal γδ T cells: functions in the gut and in the distant organs
Located in the frontline against the largest population of microbiota, the intestinal mucosa of mammals has evolved to become an effective immune system. γδ T cells, a unique T cell subpopulation, are rare in circulation blood and lymphoid tissues, but rich in the intestinal mucosa, particularly in the epithelium. Via rapid production of cytokines and growth factors, intestinal γδ T cells are key contributors to epithelial homeostasis and immune surveillance of infection. Intriguingly, recent studies have revealed that the intestinal γδ T cells may play novel exciting functions ranging from epithelial plasticity and ...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - June 16, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Gut microbiome plays a vital role in post-stroke injury repair by mediating neuroinflammation
In this study, we reviewed the role of the gut microbiome in cerebral stroke and the underlying mechanism of the AMPK signaling pathway in stroke. AMPK mediators in nerve repair and the regulation of intestinal microbial balance were also summarized.PMID:37031605 | DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110126
Source: International Immunopharmacology - April 9, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Airu Huang Ling Ji Yamei Li Yufeng Li Qian Yu Source Type: research

Role of IL-17A in different stages of ischemic stroke
Int Immunopharmacol. 2023 Apr;117:109926. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109926. Epub 2023 Mar 11.ABSTRACTInterleukin-17A (IL-17A) plays an important role in the progression of ischemic stroke. IL-17A mediates the endothelial inflammatory response, promotes water and sodium retention, and changes the electrophysiological structure of the atrium, accelerating the progression of ischemic stroke risk factors such as atherosclerotic plaques, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. In the acute phase of ischemic stroke, IL-17A mediates neuronal injury through neutrophil chemotaxis to the site of injury, the induction of neuronal apo...
Source: International Immunopharmacology - April 4, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Xiuping Chen Yi Zhang Qian Ding Yanru He Hui Li Source Type: research

Single-cell analyses reveal the dynamic functions of Itgb2+ microglia subclusters at different stages of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in transient middle cerebral occlusion mice model
In this study, to explore the dynamic transcriptional profile of single cells after CIRI, we used single-cell State Transition Across-samples of RNA-seq data (scSTAR), a new bioinformatics method, to analyze the single-cell transcriptional profile of day 1, 3, and 7 of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mice. Combining our bulk RNA sequences and proteomics data, we found the importance of the integrin beta 2 (Itgb2) gene in post-modeling. And microglia of Itgb2+ and Itgb2- were clustered by the scSTAR method. Finally, the functions of the subpopulations were defined by Matescape, and three different time po...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - March 30, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Characteristics and pathogenesis of chemokines in the post-stroke stage
Int Immunopharmacol. 2023 Jan 29;116:109781. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109781. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTChemokines, as small molecular proteins, play a crucial role in the immune and inflammatory responses after stroke. A large amount of evidence showed chemokines and their receptors were increasingly recognized as potential targets for stroke treatment, which were involved in the processing of neovascularization, neurogenesis, and neural network reconstruction. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of chemokine alterations throughout the post-stroke nerve repair phase to gain insight into the pathologica...
Source: International Immunopharmacology - January 31, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Yu-Ting Lin Hao-Dong Chen Qi-di Ai Yan-Tao Yang Zhao Zhang Shi-Feng Chu Nai-Hong Chen Source Type: research

Molecular and anatomical roadmap of stroke pathology in immunodeficient mice
ConclusionsWe detected distinct anatomical and molecular changes in the stroke pathology between individual immunosuppressed mouse models that should be considered when selecting an appropriate mouse model for stroke research.
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - December 9, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Microglia autophagy in ischemic stroke: A double-edged sword
Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the major types of cerebrovascular diseases causing neurological morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the pathophysiological process of IS, microglia play a beneficial role in tissue repair. However, it could also cause cellular damage, consequently leading to cell death. Inflammation is characterized by the activation of microglia, and increasing evidence showed that autophagy interacts with inflammation through regulating correlative mediators and signaling pathways. In this paper, we summarized the beneficial and harmful effects of microglia in IS. In addition, we discussed the interplay ...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - November 16, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Fraxetin protects rat brains from the cerebral stroke via promoting angiogenesis and activating PI3K/Akt pathway
CONCLUSION: Fraxetin has protective effects on the brain ischemia-reperfusion injury and promotes angiogenesis for cerebral repair via phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt.PMID:35285387 | DOI:10.1080/08923973.2022.2052893
Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology - March 14, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Yuhuan Cui Meihong Liu Li Zuo Haiyan Wang Jian Liu Source Type: research

Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Targeting Protects Against Ischemic Damage After Fibrin-Rich Thrombotic Stroke Despite Non-Reperfusion
Stroke is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide caused primarily by a thrombotic vascular occlusion that leads to cell death. To date, t-PA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) is the only thrombolytic therapy approved which targets fibrin as the main component of ischemic stroke thrombi. However, due to its highly restrictive criteria, t-PA is only administrated to less than 10% of all stroke patients. Furthermore, the research in neuroprotective agents has been extensive with no translational results from medical research to clinical practice up to now. Since we first described the key role of NETs (Neutrophil Ext...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - February 16, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

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