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Infectious Disease: Influenza

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Avian Influenza A Viruses: Evolution and Zoonotic Infection
This article reviews the human incursions associated with AIV variants and the potential role of pigs as an intermediate host that may hasten AIV evolution. In addition, we discuss the known influenza A virus virulence and transmission factors and their evaluation in animal models. With the growing number of human AIV infections, constant vigilance for the emergence of novel viruses is of utmost importance. In addition, careful characterization and pathobiological assessment of these novel variants will help to identify strains of particular concern for future pandemics. [...] Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, ...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - August 2, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Kim, Se Mi Kim, Young-Il Pascua, Philippe Noriel Q. Choi, Young Ki Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Control Measures for Human Respiratory Viral Infection
This article reviews the lessons learnt from past experience and current knowledge on the range of measures required to limit the impact of emerging respiratory infections from public health responses down to individual patient management. Key areas of interest are surveillance programs, political limitations on our ability to respond quickly enough to emerging threats, media management, public information dissemination, infection control, prophylaxis, and individual patient management. Respiratory physicians have a crucial role to play in many of these areas and need to be aware of how to respond as new viral pathogens em...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - August 2, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Bennett, Lesley Waterer, Grant Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Antivirals for Respiratory Viral Infections: Problems and Prospects
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37: 640-646 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584803In the past two decades, several newly emerging and reemerging viral respiratory pathogens including several influenza viruses (avian influenza and pandemic influenza), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), have continued to challenge medical and public health systems. Thereafter, the development of cost-effective, broad-spectrum antiviral agents is the urgent mission of both virologists and pharmacologists. Current antiviral developments have focused targets on viral entr...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - August 2, 2016 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Liu, Qiang Zhou, Yuan-hong Ye, Feng Yang, Zhan-qiu Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Pulmonary Infections in Pregnancy
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 38: 174-184 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1602375Pregnant women experience physiological and immunological changes that increase the risk or severity of certain pulmonary infections. These changes also affect drug disposition, which impacts treatment choices. In this article, we review the available data on (1) the physiological and immunological changes that specifically impact tuberculosis, influenza, and varicella pneumonia; (2) active and latent tuberculosis management, including drug monitoring and maternal–infant outcomes; (3) the treatment and prevention of influenza; and (4) the diagnosis a...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - May 22, 2017 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Mathad, Jyoti S. Gupta, Amita Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Cerebrovascular Accident in a Pediatric Patient Presenting With Influenza
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in pediatric populations accounts for more than half of pediatric strokes and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Pediatric AIS can present with nonspecific symptoms or symptoms that mimic alternate pathology.
Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine - April 22, 2019 Category: Emergency Medicine Authors: Parisa P. Javedani, Melissa Zukowski Tags: Clinical Communications: Pediatric Source Type: research

Influenza Virus in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Current Understanding and Knowledge Gaps
Semin Respir Crit Care Med DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1710584Influenza virus infection poses a heavy burden on global health and economics. With the advancement in viral pathogen detection methods, the role of virus infection in community-acquired pneumonia has been increasingly recognized. The disease spectrum of influenza ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe or even fatal illness. Progress has been made in recent years to identify risk factors including lymphopenia and hypoxia for influenza mortality. Immunopathology plays an important role in influenza pathogenesis. The disturbed homeostasis after virus infection consi...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - June 9, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Xu, Jiuyang Yu, Jiapei Yang, Luning Zhou, Fei Li, Hui Cao, Bin Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Implementing Paper Documentation During an Influenza Surge in a Pediatric Emergency Department
Objective We hypothesized that a paper documentation and discharge bundle can expedite patient care during an influenza-related surge. Methods Retrospective cohort study of low-acuity patients younger than 21 years surging into a pediatric emergency department between January and March 2018 with influenza-like illness. Patient visits documented using a paper bundle were compared with those documented in the electronic medical record on the same date of visit. The primary outcome of interest was time from physician evaluation to discharge for patient visits documented using the paper bundle compared with those do...
Source: Pediatric Emergency Care - February 1, 2021 Category: Emergency Medicine Tags: Special Features Source Type: research

Factors associated with COVID-19 related hospitalisation, critical care admission and mortality using linked primary and secondary care data
CONCLUSIONS: We confirm that age, sex, ethnicity, obesity, CKD and diabetes are important determinants of risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation or death. For the first time, we also identify people with learning disabilities and multi-morbidity as additional patient cohorts that need to be actively protected during COVID-19 waves.PMID:33942510 | DOI:10.1111/irv.12864
Source: Respiratory Care - May 4, 2021 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Lisa Cummins Irene Ebyarimpa Nathan Cheetham Victoria Tzortziou Brown Katie Brennan Jasmina Panovska-Griffiths Source Type: research

Community-Acquired Respiratory Viruses Post –Lung Transplant
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42: 449-459 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729172Survival in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) lags behind heart, liver, and kidney transplant, in part due to the direct and indirect effects of infection. LTRs have increased susceptibility to infection due to the combination of a graft continually exposed to the outside world, multiple mechanisms for impaired mucus clearance, and immunosuppression. Community-acquired respiratory viral infections (CARVs) are common in LTRs. Picornaviruses have roughly 40% cumulative incidence followed by respiratory syncytial virus and coronaviruses. Although single-c...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - May 24, 2021 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Sweet, Stuart C. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

The Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses: From Start to Memory
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42: 759-770 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736459Biomedical research has long strived to improve our understanding of the immune response to respiratory viral infections, an effort that has become all the more important as we live through the consequences of a pandemic. The disease course of these infections is shaped in large part by the actions of various cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. While these cells are crucial in clearing viral pathogens and establishing long-term immunity, their effector mechanisms may also escalate into excessive, tissue-destructive inflammation detrimental...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - December 16, 2021 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Reijnders, Tom D.Y. Schuurman, Alex R. van der Poll, Tom Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Antiviral Treatments for Influenza
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42: 859-872 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1733830Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by the influenza A, B, and C viruses. It can occur in local outbreaks or seasonal epidemics, with possibility to spread worldwide in a pandemic when a novel strain with significant antigenic differences emerges. During the past years, several new drugs have become available, with different accessibility related to specific countries' approval. We have conducted a review of literature, analyzing the most recent data on efficacy and safety of drugs currently available to treat influenza, with a particular ...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - December 16, 2021 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Palomba, Emanuele Castelli, Valeria Renisi, Giulia Bandera, Alessandra Lombardi, Andrea Gori, Andrea Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

New Insights into the Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia/Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Viruses
Semin Respir Crit Care Med DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740582A fifth or more of hospital-acquired pneumonias may be attributable to respiratory viruses. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has clearly demonstrated the potential morbidity and mortality of respiratory viruses and the constant threat of nosocomial transmission and hospital-based clusters. Data from before the pandemic suggest the same can be true of influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other respiratory viruses. The pandemic has also helped clarify the primary mechanisms and risk factors for viral transmission. Respiratory viruses are primarily transmitted by respiratory...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - January 18, 2022 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Klompas, Michael Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Severe Infections Due to Respiratory Viruses
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 43: 060-074 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740982Severe viral infections may result in severe illnesses capable of causing acute respiratory failure that could progress rapidly to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), related to worse outcomes, especially in individuals with a higher risk of infection, including the elderly and those with comorbidities such as asthma, diabetes mellitus and chronic respiratory or cardiovascular disease. In addition, in cases of severe viral pneumonia, co-infection with bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus is related to worse outcom...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - February 16, 2022 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Cill óniz, Catia Peric às, Juan M. Rojas, Jorge R. Torres, Antoni Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Global Trends in Occupational Lung Disease
This study reviews recent estimates of the burden of the most important occupational lung diseases using data published by United Nations specialized agencies as well as the Global Burden of Disease studies. We focus on occupational chronic respiratory disease of which chronic obstructive lung disease and asthma are the most significant. Among occupational cancers, lung cancer is the most common, and is associated with more than 10 important workplace carcinogens. Classic occupational interstitial lung diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, and coal workers' pneumoconiosis still comprise a substantial burden of disease in...
Source: Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine - April 18, 2023 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Cohen, Robert A. Go, Leonard H.T. Rose, Cecile S. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research