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Infectious Disease: HIV AIDS

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Total 32 results found since Jan 2013.

Anthropometric measures are simple and accurate paediatric weight-prediction proxies in resource-poor settings with a high HIV prevalence
Conclusion The development of nomograms using these equations is warranted to allow for rapid and accurate weight prediction from these simple anthropometric measures in HIV-endemic, resource-constrained settings.
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - December 13, 2016 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Whitfield, K. C., Wozniak, R., Pradinuk, M., Karakochuk, C. D., Anabwani, G., Daly, Z., MacLeod, S. M., Larson, C. P., Green, T. J. Tags: Immunology (including allergy), HIV/AIDS, Child health, Sexual health Original article Source Type: research

Post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines for children and adolescents potentially exposed to HIV
UK guidelines for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in adults have recently been updated. Indications for PEP have been modified and there has been a change in the recommended antiretroviral therapy for adults to a combination of raltegravir with tenofovir and emtricitabine (Truvada). Raltegravir and tenofovir are now available in paediatric formulations and offer improved safety and tolerability over previously recommended ritonavir-boosted lopinavir with zidovudine. This guideline provides recommendations for those caring for children potentially exposed to HIV and other bloodborne viruses in primary care, emergency de...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - December 13, 2016 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Bamford, A., Tudor-Williams, G., Foster, C. Tags: Immunology (including allergy), Drugs: infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, Adolescent health, Child health, Sexual health Guideline Source Type: research

Tracking How HIV Disrupts Immune System Informs Vaccine Development
Contact: Samiha Khanna Phone: 919-419-5069 Email: samiha.khanna@duke.edu https://www.dukehealth.org EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE until 2 p.m. (ET) on Friday, July 29, 2016 DURHAM, N.C. -- One of the main mysteries confounding development of an HIV vaccine is why some people infected with the virus make the desired antibodies after several years, but a vaccine can ’t seem to induce the same response. A research team led by scientists at the Duke Human Vaccine Institute has been unraveling that mystery, detailing new insights in a study published July 29 in the journal Science Immunology. Studying 100 HIV-infected people ...
Source: DukeHealth.org: Duke Health Features - July 29, 2016 Category: Pediatrics Tags: Duke Medicine Source Type: news

What is CRISPR/Cas9?
Introduction Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 is a gene-editing technology causing a major upheaval in biomedical research. It makes it possible to correct errors in the genome and turn on or off genes in cells and organisms quickly, cheaply and with relative ease. It has a number of laboratory applications including rapid generation of cellular and animal models, functional genomic screens and live imaging of the cellular genome.1 It has already been demonstrated that it can be used to repair defective DNA in mice curing them of genetic disorders,2 and it has been reported that human embry...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - Education and Practice - July 18, 2016 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Redman, M., King, A., Watson, C., King, D. Tags: Pancreas and biliary tract, Oncology, Open access, Clinical genetics, Molecular genetics, Immunology (including allergy), HIV/AIDS, Muscle disease, Neuromuscular disease, Reproductive medicine, Child health, Cystic fibrosis, Rheumatology, Sexual health Source Type: research

Dilemma of managing asymptomatic children referred with 'culture-confirmed drug-resistant tuberculosis
Conclusions Bacteriological evaluation should not be performed in the absence of any clinical indication. If drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is detected in an asymptomatic child with a normal chest radiograph, close observation may be an appropriate strategy, especially in settings where potential laboratory error and poor record keeping are constant challenges.
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - June 16, 2016 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Loveday, M., Sunkari, B., Marais, B. J., Master, I., Brust, J. C. M. Tags: Immunology (including allergy), Drugs: infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, Child health, Radiology, Sexual health, Clinical diagnostic tests, Radiology (diagnostics) Original article Source Type: research

Visceral leishmaniasis: a forgotten epidemic
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL or kala-azar) is most endemic in Asia and Africa and commonly affects young children. It is usually caused by Leishmania donovani or Leishmania infantum that are transmitted by Phlebotomine sand flies. Transmission may be anthroponotic or zoonotic or both, depending on the endemic area. Clinical features include fever, hepatosplenomegaly, weight loss and pancytopenia. Younger age, malnutrition and immunosuppression (HIV infection, use of immunosuppressive drugs) are risk factors. Many infections remain asymptomatic. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of the Leishmania parasite in aspirates of lym...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - May 17, 2016 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Zijlstra, E. E. Tags: Oncology, Immunology (including allergy), ADC Global child health, HIV/AIDS, Travel medicine, Tropical medicine (infectious diseases), Child health, Sexual health Source Type: research

Researchers Find Alternative Pathways to HIV Antibodies
Contact: Sarah Avery Phone: 919-660-1306 Email: sarah.avery@duke.edu https://www.dukehealth.org FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE on Tuesday, May 3, 2016 DURHAM, N.C. – The immune system appears to hamper an investigational vaccine from inducing antibodies that protect against HIV infection, but there may be ways to overcome this impediment, according to research led by the Duke Human Vaccine Institute. Using mouse and monkey models, the researchers showed they could could identify the roadblocks to inducing the broadly neutralizing antibodies that are considered imperative for successful protection against infection.  They then fo...
Source: DukeHealth.org: Duke Health Features - May 3, 2016 Category: Pediatrics Tags: Duke Medicine Source Type: news

Researchers Unravel Pathways of Potent Antibodies that Fight HIV Infection
Contact: Sarah Avery Phone: 919-660-1306 Email: sarah.avery@duke.edu https://www.dukehealth.org EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE until 12 p.m. noon (ET) on Thursday, March 3, 2016 DURHAM, N.C. – One of the most crucial and elusive goals of an effective HIV vaccine is to stimulate antibodies that can attack the virus even as it relentlessly mutates. Now a research team, led by investigators at the Duke Human Vaccine Institute and the Vaccine Research Center of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), has tracked rare potent antibodies in an HIV-infected individual and determined sequential structures that p...
Source: DukeHealth.org: Duke Health Features - March 5, 2016 Category: Pediatrics Tags: Duke Medicine Source Type: news

Characteristics of admissions and variations in the use of basic investigations, treatments and outcomes in Kenyan hospitals within a new Clinical Information Network
Conclusion Developing clinical networks is feasible with appropriate support. Early data demonstrate that hospital mortality remains high in Kenya, that resources to investigate severe illness are limited, that care provided and outcomes vary widely and that adoption of effective interventions remains slow. Findings suggest considerable scope for improving care within and across sites.
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - February 18, 2016 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Ayieko, P., Ogero, M., Makone, B., Julius, T., Mbevi, G., Nyachiro, W., Nyamai, R., Were, F., Githanga, D., Irimu, G., English, M., on behalf of the Clinical Information Network authors, on behalf of the Clinical Information Network authors, Tuti, Gathara Tags: Epidemiologic studies, Open access, Immunology (including allergy), ADC Global child health, HIV/AIDS, Meningitis, Pneumonia (infectious disease), TB and other respiratory infections, Travel medicine, Tropical medicine (infectious diseases), Infection (ne Source Type: research

Question 1: Co-trimoxazole dosing dilemma: what is the right dose?
Scenario While covering the paediatric haematology–oncology ward, you are asked to prescribe co-trimoxazole for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP). You refer to your usual drug resources discovering a variety of different dosing options and wonder which regimen you should prescribe. Structured clinical question In immunocompromised children and adolescents without HIV infection (patient), which co-trimoxazole dosing regimen (intervention) is most effective in preventing PJP and best tolerated (outcome)? Search strategy and outcome We searched Medline (1946 to current) and Embase (1974 to curre...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - October 19, 2015 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Boast, A., Osowicki, J., Cole, T., Curtis, N., Gwee, A. Tags: ADC Archimedes, Oncology, Epidemiologic studies, Immunology (including allergy), Drugs: infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, Pneumonia (infectious disease), TB and other respiratory infections, Adolescent health, Child health, Infant health, Pneumonia (respirat Source Type: research

American Academy of Otolaryngology: head and neck surgery foundation clinical practice guideline on acute otitis externa 2014
This American guideline updates previous 2006 recommendations providing guidance for primary care and specialist clinicians for treating children of 2 years and older with acute otitis externa (AOE): a diffuse inflammation of the external ear canal±pinna and tympanic membrane.1 2 Key points: what should I be doing? Distinguish diffuse AOE from other causes of otalgia and otorrhoea, for example, dermatitis (inflammatory, contact, allergic), viral infections, furunculosis and referred pain from other sites Appropriately assess pain and treat with analgesia such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatories. There are no s...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - Education and Practice - July 17, 2015 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Prentice, P. Tags: Oncology, Journalology, Immunology (including allergy), Drugs: infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, Otitis, Pain (neurology), Child health, Pain (palliative care), Sexual health, Dermatology, Ear, nose and throat/otolaryngology, Competing interests (ethics), Tr Source Type: research

Answers to Epilogue questions: Troublesome Thai travels
Answers TO THE EPILOGUE QUIZ From questions on page 144 The answers to question 1 are C, E, H, I, J. Three broad categories of aetiologies can be considered for his renal impairment.NSAID use. Prerenal impairment secondary to dehydration, which should be readily reversible with volume replacement. Volume depletion alone can cause acute tubular necrosis. Infectious. Any patient returning from a tropical country with fever should have imported tropical illnesses high on the differential list. The activities of swimming in open water and eating partially cooked meat increased the likelihood of this patient having an imported ...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - Education and Practice - May 18, 2015 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Reynolds, B. C., Hambleton, S., Dammann, D. F., Lambert, H. J., Emonts, M. Tags: Diarrhoea, Urology, Immunology (including allergy), HIV/AIDS, Travel medicine, Tropical medicine (infectious diseases), Child health, Renal medicine, Sexual health Epilogue Source Type: research

Virtual support for paediatric HIV treatment decision making
Conclusions Combined multidisciplinary virtual input with adult expertise in resistance and newer agents, paediatric knowledge of pill swallowing, childhood formulations/weight banding and parental support, assists complex treatment decision making in paediatric HIV infection. The Virtual Clinic model could be applied to the management of other rare complex diseases of childhood within a clinical network.
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - May 18, 2015 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Le Doare, K., Mackie, N. E., Kaye, S., Bamford, A., Walters, S., Foster, C. Tags: Liver disease, Open access, Immunology (including allergy), Hepatitis and other GI infections, HIV/AIDS, Adolescent health, Child and adolescent psychiatry (paedatrics), Child health, Sexual health Original article Source Type: research

Question: Is breastfeeding useful in the management of neonatal abstinence syndrome?
Case scenario A 23-year-old woman is admitted to the postnatal ward after she gave birth to a term infant of 3 kg. During pregnancy, she is known to have used methadone. There is no known use of other illicit drugs or prescription medication. The midwife who is taking care of this woman and her baby asks if she can encourage the mother to breastfeed her child. Structured clinical question Can a mother who used methadone during pregnancy (patient) breastfeed her newborn (intervention) to help the management of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) (outcome)? Search Search strategy: terms used: Breastfeeding AND neonatal a...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - March 17, 2015 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Lefevere, J., Allegaert, K. Tags: ADC Archimedes, Liver disease, Immunology (including allergy), Hepatitis and other GI infections, HIV/AIDS, Childhood nutrition, Pregnancy, Reproductive medicine, Child health, Infant health, Infant nutrition (including breastfeeding), Neonatal health, Un Source Type: research

Management of severe acute malnutrition in low-income and middle-income countries
Kwashiorkor and marasmus, collectively termed severe acute malnutrition (SAM), account for at least 10% of all deaths among children under 5 years of age worldwide, virtually all of them in low-income and middle-income countries. A number of risk factors, including seasonal food insecurity, environmental enteropathy, poor complementary feeding practices, and chronic and acute infections, contribute to the development of SAM. Careful anthropometry is key to making an accurate diagnosis of SAM and can be performed by village health workers or even laypeople in rural areas. The majority of children can be treated at home...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - February 18, 2015 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Trehan, I., Manary, M. J. Tags: Editor's choice, Immunology (including allergy), ADC Global child health, HIV/AIDS, Malnutrition, Child health, Sexual health Source Type: research