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Effects of Neurotrophic Factors in Glial Cells in the Central Nervous System: Expression and Properties in Neurodegeneration and Injury
Conclusion and Future Aspects This review summarizes available NTF expression data, compiles existing evidence on the effects of glial NTF signaling in healthy conditions and in disease models (Figure 1), and highlights the importance of this topic for future studies. The relationship between NTFs and glia is crucial for both the developing and adult brain. While some of these factors, such as NT-3 and CNTF, have highly potent effects on gliogenesis, others like BDNF and GDNF, are important for glia-mediated synapse formation. Neurotrophic factors play significant roles during neurodegenerative disorders. In many cases, ...
Source: Frontiers in Physiology - April 25, 2019 Category: Physiology Source Type: research

Sickle Cell Disease Subjects Have a Distinct Abnormal Autonomic Phenotype Characterized by Peripheral Vasoconstriction With Blunted Cardiac Response to Head-Up Tilt
Conclusion We have shown that SCD subjects are much more likely than non-SCD subjects to have impaired cardiac, but intact peripheral responses to orthostatic stress induced by HUT. These abnormal responses are associated with low baseline cardiac parasympathetic activity, independent of hemoglobin level. The classification of autonomic phenotypes based on HUT response may have potential use for predicting disease severity, guiding and targeting treatments/interventions to alleviate the risk of adverse outcomes in SCD. Ethics Statement All experiments were conducted at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA). The ...
Source: Frontiers in Physiology - April 10, 2019 Category: Physiology Source Type: research

Compensation of Respiratory-Related Postural Perturbation Is Achieved by Maintenance of Head-to-Pelvis Alignment in Healthy Humans
Conclusion Extreme lung volume variations over vital capacity is associated with changes of thoracic curvature bringing it outside the normal range, which would theoretically compromise verticality. This is however fully compensated by adaptations of the cervical curvature and pelvic tilt to preserve adequate head-to-pelvis verticality and horizontal gaze alignment. Lung volume related postural perturbations increase with age, but age did not affect head-to-pelvis alignment. Future studies are needed to investigate potential postural dysfunction in chronic respiratory diseases that induce changes of lung volume or chest g...
Source: Frontiers in Physiology - April 23, 2019 Category: Physiology Source Type: research