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Cover Image, Volume 6, Issue 2
The front cover image, by Sina Bartfeld and Bon‐Kyoung Koo, is based on the Focus Article Adult gastric stem cells and their niches, DOI: 10.1002/wdev.261. The front cover image, by Sina Bartfeld and Bon‐Kyoung Koo, is based on the Focus Article Adult gastric stem cells and their niches, DOI: 10.1002/wdev.261. (Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology)
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - February 16, 2017 Category: Biology Authors: Sina Bartfeld, Bon ‐Kyoung Koo Tags: Cover Image Source Type: research

New insights and changing paradigms in the regulation of vitamin A metabolism in development
Vitamin A and its active metabolite retinoic acid are essential for embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Surprisingly, excess or deficiency of vitamin A and retinoic acid can cause similar developmental defects. Therefore, strict feedback and other mechanisms exist to regulate the levels of retinoic acid within a narrow physiological range. The oxidation of vitamin A to retinal has recently been established as a critical nodal point in the synthesis of retinoic acid, and over the past decade, RDH10 and DHRS3 have emerged as the predominant enzymes that regulate this reversible reaction. Together they form a codepen...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - December 31, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Stephen R. Shannon, Alexander R. Moise, Paul A. Trainor Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Rare syndromes of the head and face: mandibulofacial and acrofacial dysostoses
Craniofacial anomalies account for approximately one‐third of all congenital birth defects reflecting the complexity of head and facial development. Craniofacial development is dependent upon a multipotent, migratory population of neural crest cells, which generate most of the bone and cartilage of the head and face. In this review, we discuss advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of a specific array of craniofacial anomalies, termed facial dysostoses, which can be subdivided into mandibulofacial dysostosis, which present with craniofacial defects only, and acrofacial dysostosis, which encompasses both cranio...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - December 31, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Karla Terrazas, Jill Dixon, Paul A. Trainor, Michael J. Dixon Tags: Focus Article Source Type: research

The evolution of amniote gastrulation: the blastopore ‐primitive streak transition
In the animal kingdom, gastrulation, the process by which the primary germ layers are formed involves a dramatic transformation in the topology of the cells that give rise to all of the tissues of the adult. Initially formed as a mono‐layer, this tissue, the epiblast, becomes subdivided through the internalization of cells, thereby forming a two (bi‐laminar) or three (tri‐laminar) layered embryo. This morphogenetic process coordinates the development of the fundamental body plan and the three‐body axes (antero‐posterior, dorso‐ventral, and left‐right) and begins a fundamental segregation of cells toward diver...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - December 31, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Matthew J. Stower, Federica Bertocchini Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Adult gastric stem cells and their niches
Adult gastric stem cells replenish the gastric epithelium throughout life. Recent studies have identified diverse populations of stem cells, progenitor cells, and even differentiated cells that can regain stem cell capacity, so highlighting an unexpected plasticity within the gastric epithelium, both in the corpus and antrum. Two niches seem to co‐exist in the gastric unit: one in the isthmus region and the other at the base of the gland, although the precise features of the cell populations and the two niches are currently under debate. A variety of gastric organoid models have been established, providing new insights i...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - December 31, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Sina Bartfeld, Bon ‐Kyoung Koo Tags: Focus Article Source Type: research

Issue information
(Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology)
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - December 26, 2016 Category: Biology Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Quantitating the cell: turning images into numbers with ImageJ
Modern biological research particularly in the fields of developmental and cell biology has been transformed by the rapid evolution of the light microscope. The light microscope, long a mainstay of the experimental biologist, is now used for a wide array of biological experimental scenarios and sample types. Much of the great developments in advanced biological imaging have been driven by the digital imaging revolution with powerful processors and algorithms. In particular, this combination of advanced imaging and computational analysis has resulted in the drive of the modern biologist to not only visually inspect dynamic ...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - December 1, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Ellen T Arena, Curtis T Rueden, Mark C Hiner, Shulei Wang, Ming Yuan, Kevin W Eliceiri Tags: Overview Source Type: research

Neural plasticity across the lifespan
An essential feature of the brain is its capacity to change. Neuroscientists use the term ‘plasticity’ to describe the malleability of neuronal connectivity and circuitry. How does plasticity work? A review of current data suggests that plasticity encompasses many distinct phenomena, some of which operate across most or all of the lifespan, and others that operate exclusively in early development. This essay surveys some of the key concepts related to neural plasticity, beginning with how current patterns of neural activity (e.g., as you read this essay) come to impact future patterns of activity (e.g., your memory of ...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - November 30, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Jonathan D. Power, Bradley L. Schlaggar Tags: Primer Source Type: research

Properties of embryoid bodies
Embryoid bodies (EBs) have been popular in vitro differentiation models for pluripotent stem cells for more than five decades. Initially, defined as aggregates formed by embryonal carcinoma cells, EBs gained more prominence after the derivation of karyotypically normal embryonic stem cells from early mouse blastocysts. In many cases, formation of EBs constitutes an important initial step in directed differentiation protocols aimed at generated specific cell types from undifferentiated stem cells. Indeed state‐of‐the‐art protocols for directed differentiation of cardiomyocytes still rely on this initial EB step. Analy...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - October 31, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Joshua M. Brickman, Palle Serup Tags: Overview Source Type: research

Neuroembryology
How is it that some cells become neurons? And how is it that neurons become organized in the spinal cord and brain to allow us to walk and talk, to see, recall events in our lives, feel pain, keep our balance, and think? The cells that are specified to form the brain and spinal cord are originally located on the outside surface of the embryo. They loop inward to form the neural tube in a process called neurulation. Structures that are nearby send signals to the posterior neural tube to form and pattern the spinal cord so that the dorsal side receives sensory input and the ventral side sends motor signals from neurons to mu...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - October 31, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Diana Darnell, Scott F. Gilbert Tags: Primer Source Type: research

The cellular and molecular basis of cnidarian neurogenesis
Neurogenesis initiates during early development and it continues through later developmental stages and in adult animals to enable expansion, remodeling, and homeostasis of the nervous system. The generation of nerve cells has been analyzed in detail in few bilaterian model organisms, leaving open many questions about the evolution of this process. As the sister group to bilaterians, cnidarians occupy an informative phylogenetic position to address the early evolution of cellular and molecular aspects of neurogenesis and to understand common principles of neural development. Here we review studies in several cnidarian mode...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - October 31, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Fabian Rentzsch, Michael Layden, Micha ël Manuel Tags: Advanced Review Source Type: research

Neural progenitor cells and their role in the development and evolutionary expansion of the neocortex
The evolutionary expansion of the mammalian brain, notably the neocortex, provides a platform for the higher cognitive abilities that characterize humans. Cortical expansion is accompanied by increased folding of the pial surface, which gives rise to a gyrencephalic (folded) rather than lissencephalic (unfolded) neocortex. This expansion reflects the prolonged and increased proliferation of neural stem and progenitor cells (NPCs). Distinct classes of NPCs can be distinguished based on either cell biological criteria (apical progenitors [APs], basal progenitors [BPs]) or lineage (primary progenitors and secondary progenitor...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - October 31, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Takashi Namba, Wieland B. Huttner Tags: Overview Source Type: research

Issue information
(Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology)
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - October 12, 2016 Category: Biology Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research

Cover Image, Volume 5, Issue 6
The cover image, by Fiona Doetsch et al., is based on the Overview A mosaic world: puzzles revealed by adult neural stem cell heterogeneity, DOI: 10.1002/wdev.248. The cover image, by Fiona Doetsch et al., is based on the Overview A mosaic world: puzzles revealed by adult neural stem cell heterogeneity, DOI: 10.1002/wdev.248. (Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology)
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - October 12, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Zayna Chaker, Paolo Codega, Fiona Doetsch Tags: Cover Image Source Type: research

A mosaic world: puzzles revealed by adult neural stem cell heterogeneity
Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in specialized niches in the adult mammalian brain. The ventricular–subventricular zone (V‐SVZ), adjacent to the lateral ventricles, gives rise to olfactory bulb (OB) neurons, and some astrocytes and oligodendrocytes throughout life. In vitro assays have been widely used to retrospectively identify NSCs. However, cells that behave as stem cells in vitro do not reflect the identity, diversity, and behavior of NSCs in vivo. Novel tools including fluorescence activated cell sorting, lineage‐tracing, and clonal analysis have uncovered multiple layers of adult V‐SVZ NSC heterogeneity, inc...
Source: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology - August 31, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Zayna Chaker, Paolo Codega, Fiona Doetsch Tags: Overview Source Type: research