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The Use of Simulation in Teaching
Simulation-based medical education (SBME) provides experiential learning for medical trainees without any risk of harm to patients. Simulation is now included in most medical school and residency curricula. In psychiatric education, simulation programs are rapidly expanding and innovating. Major applications of SBME in psychiatry include achieving close observation of trainees with patients, preparing trainees for unstable patient scenarios, and exposing trainees to a broader range of psychopathology. This review article covers the history of SBME, simulation modalities, current use of SBME in psychiatry, a case study from...
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - April 29, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Shannon R. McGue, Christine M. Pelic, Austin McCadden, Christopher G. Pelic, A. Lee Lewis Source Type: research

The Psychiatric Clinics of North America Special Issue on Medical Education
Medical education is an odd endeavor. Unlike much of the rest of education, it is usually not led by educators, but by physicians.1 Most physician educators are experts in their clinical fields but have little formal pedagogical training.1 –4 It is not an exaggeration to assume that most medical school professors would not be permitted to teach at their children’s primary schools. (Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America)
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - April 29, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Hermioni L. Amonoo, Robert J. Boland Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Bipolar Disorder and Psychosis in Autism
Autism seldom occurs in its pure form. Often labeled as behavioral disorders or psychological reactions, comorbid psychiatric disorders are common. Bipolar disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that occur in persons with autism across their life spans. It can be comorbid with and mistaken for several other conditions. Similarly, psychosis occurs in several psychiatric disorders. Schizophrenia is the prototype psychotic disorder that has a close but controversial relationship with autism. Assessment and treatment of bipolar disorder and psychosis should be based on their individual characteristics, family...
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - January 30, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Mohammad Ghaziuddin, Neera Ghaziuddin Source Type: research

Catatonia in Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Catatonia was first described by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum in 1874, occurring in association with other psychiatric and medical disorders. However, in the nineteenth century the disorder was incorrectly classified as a subtype of schizophrenia. This misclassification persisted until the publication of DSM-5 in 2013 when important changes were incorporated. Although the etiology is unknown, disrupted gamma-aminobutyric acid has been proposed as the underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Key symptoms can be identified under 3 clinical domains: motor, speech, and behavioral. Benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy are the ...
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - January 30, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Neera Ghaziuddin, Laura Andersen, Mohammad Ghaziuddin Source Type: research

Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Autism
The mechanism of action of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is not fully elucidated, with prevailing theories ranging from neuroendocrinological to neuroplasticity effects of ECT or epileptiform brain plasticity. Youth with autism can present with catatonia. ECT is a treatment that can safely and rapidly resolve catatonia in autism and should be considered promptly. The literature available for ECT use in youth with autism is consistently growing. Under-recognition of the catatonic syndrome and delayed diagnosis and implementation of the anticatatonic treatment paradigms, including ECT, as well as stigma and lack of knowled...
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - January 30, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Sa Eun Park, Marco Grados, Lee Wachtel, Sanjay Kaji Source Type: research

Autism Spectrum Disorder and Substance Use Disorder
This article explores connections between ASD and SUD and the impact on development, screening and treatment. The article proposes culturally constructed narratives associated with both diagnoses may be responsible for the dearth of research and literature. Constructed narratives of ASD and SUD do not naturally intersect and the resulting disconnect can create a cognitive dissonance that could allow the medical and general community to neglect this life-threatening dual diagnosis. (Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America)
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - January 30, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Elizabeth Kunreuther Source Type: research

Seizures and Epilepsy in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Epilepsy and autism frequently co-occur. Epilepsy confers an increased risk of autism and autism confers an increased risk of epilepsy. Specific epilepsy syndromes, intellectual disability, and female gender present a particular risk of autism in individuals with epilepsy. Epilepsy and autism are likely to share common etiologies, which predispose individuals to either or both conditions. Genetic factors, metabolic disorders, mitochondrial disorders, and immune dysfunction all can be implicated. (Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America)
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - January 30, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Frank M.C. Besag, Michael J. Vasey Source Type: research

Gastrointestinal Issues and Autism Spectrum Disorder
This article discusses the gastrointestinal disorders commonly associated with autism spectrum disorders, how they present, and studied risk factors. (Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America)
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - January 30, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Moneek Madra, Roey Ringel, Kara Gross Margolis Source Type: research

The Impact of Applied Behavior Analysis to Address Mealtime Behaviors of Concern Among Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
This article details the application of the basic principles of ABA, reinforcement, extinction, and punishment to treat feeding difficulties. (Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America)
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - January 30, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Benjamin Sarcia Source Type: research

Assessment and Treatment of Emotion Regulation Impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorder Across the Life Span
This article summarizes the current state of science in ER assessment and treatment and identifies the most promising measurement options and treatments. (Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America)
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - January 30, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Kelly B. Beck, Caitlin M. Conner, Kaitlyn E. Breitenfeldt, Jessie B. Northrup, Susan W. White, Carla A. Mazefsky Source Type: research

Sexuality and Gender Issues in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
This article reviews relevant literature on sexuality in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Findings reveal a growing awareness of desire for sexual and intimate relationships in individuals with ASD. However, core impairments of ASD lead to difficulties establishing requisite knowledge and skills necessary to attain a healthy sexuality and facilitate relationships. Consequently, individuals with ASD present with increased risk of engaging in inappropriate sexual behaviors and sexual victimization than their typically developing peers. The literature asserts the need to implement effective sexual education pr...
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - January 30, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Laura A. Pecora, Merrilyn Hooley, Laurie Sperry, Gary B. Mesibov, Mark A. Stokes Source Type: research

Facial Expression Production and Recognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Social “difficulties” associated with ASD may be a product of neurotypical-autistic differences in emotion expression and recognition. Research suggests that neurotypical and autistic individuals exhibit expressive differences, with autistic individuals displaying less frequent expressions that are rat ed lower in quality by non-autistic raters. Autistic individuals have difficulties recognizing neurotypical facial expressions; neurotypical individuals have difficulties recognizing autistic expressions. However, findings are mixed. Task-related factors (e.g., intensity of stimuli) and participant characteristics (e.g.,...
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - January 30, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Connor Tom Keating, Jennifer Louise Cook Source Type: research

Autism Spectrum Disorder Across the Lifespan Part II
PSYCHIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America)
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - January 30, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Robert W. Wisner-carlson, Scott R. Pekrul, Thomas Flis, Robert Schloesser Source Type: research

Copyright
Elsevier (Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America)
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - January 30, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

Contributors
HARSH K. TRIVEDI, MD, MBA (Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America)
Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America - January 30, 2021 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research