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Asthma and air pollution: recent insights in pathogenesis and clinical implications
In conclusion, this review highlights the importance of reducing air pollution levels to avert the progressive increase in asthma incidence and morbidity. (Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine)
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - November 28, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: ASTHMA: Edited by Nicola A. Hanania, Zuzana Diamant, and Maarten van den Berge Source Type: research

Long and winding road: from infant wheeze to adult asthma
Purpose of review This review aims to recognize the multifactorial cause of asthma, from the influence of mother until adulthood, highlight the main characteristics of the disease at different ages and summarize the evidence of potential prevention strategies. Recent findings To date, regarding the prenatal period, the presence of specific genes, maternal asthma, drugs, and tobacco exposure are the most relevant predisposing features for an asthmatic offspring. For newborns, preterm, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and low birth weight has been associated with low lung function. Among young children, atopic dermatitis, lo...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - November 28, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: ASTHMA: Edited by Nicola A. Hanania, Zuzana Diamant, and Maarten van den Berge Source Type: research

Editorial: Asthma: a modifiable disease on a crossroad
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine)
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - November 28, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: ASTHMA: Edited by Nicola A. Hanania, Zuzana Diamant, and Maarten van den Berge Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine)
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - November 28, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Indwelling pleural catheters for benign pleural effusions: what is the evidence? Erratum
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine)
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - October 7, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: ERRATUM Source Type: research

Prevention of malnutrition in cystic fibrosis
Purpose of review Malnutrition is one of the major burdens of disease in cystic fibrosis. The prevention of malnutrition remains a priority throughout the life of a patient with cystic fibrosis. Literature and guidelines on the management of nutrition in cystic fibrosis have been published; however, here we review updated findings in cystic fibrosis nutrition as well as the role of novel treatments. Recent findings We review the latest studies on the importance and consequences of nutrition in cystic fibrosis. Novel findings on specific nutrients such as vitamin D and sodium can improve our care and thereby health and...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - October 7, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: CYSTIC FIBROSIS: Edited by Harry G.M. Heijerman and Nick Simmonds Source Type: research

Prevention of drug-related complications in cystic fibrosis
Purpose of review Due to continuous development of new drugs and better treatment strategies, survival of patients with cystic fibrosis has changed dramatically. Recently, targeted therapy of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators have become available. Despite these promising developments, treatment of this complex multiorgan disease constitutes a high and variable amount of other drugs. Complications of pharmacotherapeutic treatment are, therefore, expected to become more prevalent. This gives cause to review drug-related side effects in this new era in cystic fibrosis treatment. Recent ...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - October 7, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: CYSTIC FIBROSIS: Edited by Harry G.M. Heijerman and Nick Simmonds Source Type: research

Prevention of osteoporosis in cystic fibrosis
Purpose of review The increased life span of patients with cystic fibrosis has lead to the detection of new complications. Osteopenia is present in up to 50% of adult patients with cystic fibrosis, and osteoporosis in 10–34% and can cause a difficult management problem. Recent findings In children, defects in bone health become apparent generally at adolescence because of suboptimall bone peak mass achievement. Malnutrition, inflammation, vitamin D and vitamin K deficiency, altered sex hormone production, glucocorticoid therapy, and physical inactivity potentiate poor bone health. Summary Monitoring bone mineral ...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - October 7, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: CYSTIC FIBROSIS: Edited by Harry G.M. Heijerman and Nick Simmonds Source Type: research

Prevention of anxiety and depression in cystic fibrosis
Purpose of review Anxiety and depression (A&D) are common in cystic fibrosis (CF). This review defines A&D in the context of CF and examines our current knowledge about A&D, the impact on CF, treatment and illness trajectory and explores potential areas for prevention. Recent findings CF and A&D are interrelated. The CF diagnosis, symptoms and treatment may trigger symptoms of A&D, leading in some patients, to a clinical diagnosis of anxiety or depression. In return A&D impacts CF, potentially worsening the prognosis, decreasing treatment adherence and overall well being. Research shows how prevention is often imbedde...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - October 7, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: CYSTIC FIBROSIS: Edited by Harry G.M. Heijerman and Nick Simmonds Source Type: research

Prevention of transmission of Mycobacterium abscessus among patients with cystic fibrosis
Purpose of review Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection is recognized as one of the most challenging infections to treat among cystic fibrosis patients. The source of NTM infection, modes of transmission, and exposure risks are poorly understood. Healthcare-associated transmission of Mycobacterium abscessus among cystic fibrosis patients has been suspected and is a growing concern for cystic fibrosis centers worldwide. This review describes our current understanding of prevention of healthcare-associated transmission of M. abscessus among patients with cystic fibrosis. Recent findings Multiple healthc...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - October 7, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: CYSTIC FIBROSIS: Edited by Harry G.M. Heijerman and Nick Simmonds Source Type: research

Prevention of chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis
Purpose of review This review provides an update on definitions of chronicity of infection, approaches to airway sampling to detect infection, strategies for Pseudomonas aeruginosa eradication, impact of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator protein (CFTR) modulators and future challenges for clinical trials. Recent findings Rates of P. aeruginosa have decreased over the past two decades with establishment of effective eradication protocols. Definitions of chronic P. aeruginosa infection have required adaptation for healthier populations. Although molecular (PCR) approaches to early P. aeruginosa detection are sensi...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - October 7, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: CYSTIC FIBROSIS: Edited by Harry G.M. Heijerman and Nick Simmonds Source Type: research

Diagnosis and management of nonrapid eye movement-parasomnias
Purpose of review Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnias are common sleep disorders that potentially have significant personal, social and forensic implications. They represent a unique opportunity in nature to explore the coexistence of sleep and wake-state in the human brain. Recent findings Neuroimaging and electroencephalography have advanced our understanding of NREM-parasomnia pathophysiology, and the interplay between wakefulness and sleep. These disorders are increasingly viewed as resulting from an evolutionary process with a basis in uni-hemispheric brain activity in sleep seen in some animals, maintaining...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - October 7, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: SLEEP AND RESPIRATORY NEUROBIOLOGY: Edited by Lee Brown and Brian D. Kent Source Type: research

Sleep and interstitial lung disease
Purpose of review There is an increasing recognition of the impact of sleep and sleep disorders on respiratory disease. Recent years have seen a new focus on the relationship between sleep and outcomes in patients interstitial lung disease (ILD). Recent findings Recent studies suggest a high prevalence of sleep issues in ILD cohorts, which seem to have a meaningful negative impact on quality of life, disease progression, and survival. Summary Sleep disordered breathing is common in ILD patients: obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is found in 44–72% of ILD patients, and nocturnal hypoxemia is relatively common even in...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - October 7, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: SLEEP AND RESPIRATORY NEUROBIOLOGY: Edited by Lee Brown and Brian D. Kent Source Type: research

Cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnea in different study models and novel perspectives
Purpose of review Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is heterogeneous in terms of contributing pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical presentation, and consequences. Different study models from animal models of intermittent hypoxia over case-control, cohort, and population-based observational studies to uncontrolled interventional and randomized controlled interventional trials have contributed to the knowledge base. Controversial findings on underlying mechanisms and consequences of untreated OSA have challenged the field and resulted in uncertainty in treatment recommendations. Recent findings The heterogeneity of OSA i...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - October 7, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: SLEEP AND RESPIRATORY NEUROBIOLOGY: Edited by Lee Brown and Brian D. Kent Source Type: research

Ethical, philosophical, and practical considerations in adherence to therapy in sleep medicine
Purpose of review We consider a series of linked philosophical issues created by non-adherence to therapy in sleep medicine. Recent findings First, the difficulty of measuring rates of adherence creates an epistemic problem regarding the efficacy of prescribed treatments. Secondly, as diseases are often classified as refractory based on apparent failure of standard medicines, the validity of this classification faces a similar epistemic crisis. This in turn produces ethical issues when therapies are restricted to cases deemed refractory. It also calls into question, if the patient does not take the medicines as prescr...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - October 7, 2019 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: SLEEP AND RESPIRATORY NEUROBIOLOGY: Edited by Lee Brown and Brian D. Kent Source Type: research