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Update in adult community-acquired pneumonia: key points from the new American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America 2019 guideline
Purpose of review The American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America recently released their joint guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The co-chairs of the guideline committee provide a summary of the guideline process, key recommendations from the new guideline and future directions for CAP research. Recent findings The guideline committee included 14 experts from the two societies. Sixteen questions for the guideline were selected using the PICO format. The GRADE approach was utilized to review the available evidence and generate recommen...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - April 2, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: INFECTIOUS DISEASES: Edited by Michael S. Niederman and Alimuddin Zumla Source Type: research

Transmission of respiratory tract infections at mass gathering events
Purpose of review Mass gathering events bring people from across all continents increasing the risk of spread of aerosol transmissible respiratory tract infections. Respiratory tract infections for instance in pilgrims attending the world's largest recurring annual pilgrimage, the Hajj are common. We review recent literature on viral and bacterial infectious diseases with special focus on the Hajj. Recent findings The prevalence of bacterial and viral infections continue to increase, because of the acquisition of rhinovirus, coronaviruses (229E, HKU1, OC43), influenza A H1N1, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus infl...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - April 2, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: INFECTIOUS DISEASES: Edited by Michael S. Niederman and Alimuddin Zumla Source Type: research

Editorial: The explosive epidemic outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the persistent threat of respiratory tract infectious diseases to global health security
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine)
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - April 2, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: INFECTIOUS DISEASES: Edited by Michael S. Niederman and Alimuddin Zumla Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine)
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - April 2, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research

Yoga and Tai Chi: a mind–body approach in managing respiratory symptoms in obstructive lung diseases
Purpose of review Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation because of airway and/or alveolar abnormalities. Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, chronic sputum production. As the third-ranked cause of death as well as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), it poses a significant burden on patients, families, healthcare system and society. Regular physical activity is linked to decrease in morbidity and mortality associated with COPD, but implementation remains challenging. There is a need for community-based interventions that promote physical activity. Yoga and Tai Chi are widely ...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - January 30, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: OBSTRUCTIVE, OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES: Edited by Manish Joshi and Basil Varkey Source Type: research

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in stable patients with COPD
Purpose of review Long-term noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIV) used to be a controversial form of therapy for patients with stable hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (SH-COPD). New evidence described in this review defines the optimal settings, timing and target population for NIV utilization in SH-COPD necessary to maximize its benefit. Recent findings NIV, when titrated appropriately, leads to improved clinical outcomes. High inspiratory positive airway pressures aimed at decreasing CO2 levels can ensure NIV success in SH-COPD. NIV initiated when patients remain hypercapnic whereas in a c...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - January 30, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: OBSTRUCTIVE, OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES: Edited by Manish Joshi and Basil Varkey Source Type: research

Eosinophils in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: are they just another biomarker?
Purpose of review Interest in blood eosinophils as a biomarker of responsiveness to therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to grow, with recommendations regarding their adjunctive use incorporated into the GOLD 2019 treatment algorithm. The present review summarizes some key recent papers referencing differential treatment effects based on blood eosinophil counts. Recent findings Post-hoc analyses of trials of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD have shown greater treatment responses in patients with higher blood eosinophil levels, with some exceptions. Eosinophil-directed treatment with oral co...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - January 30, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: OBSTRUCTIVE, OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES: Edited by Manish Joshi and Basil Varkey Source Type: research

Small airway disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: insights and implications for the clinician
Purpose of review Small airway disease (SAD) is a common feature in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Chronic exposure to cigarette smoking causes inflammation, damage, tissue remodelling and eventually airway loss. These features lead to airflow limitation and defective alveolar ventilation. The aim of this review is to provide clinicians with an up-to-date perspective of SAD in COPD. Recent findings In this review, we will discuss the key pathological features of SAD. We also review state-of-the-art techniques for measuring SAD, including impulse oscillometry and lung imaging methods. We discuss...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - January 30, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: OBSTRUCTIVE, OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES: Edited by Manish Joshi and Basil Varkey Source Type: research

Asthma–COPD overlap: review of diagnosis and management
Purpose of review Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are both commonly encountered respiratory conditions. The term asthma--COPD overlap (ACO) has been used to identify patients presenting with features of both conditions. Controversy exists regarding its definition, approach to diagnosis and management. In this publication, recent evidence has been reviewed that provides insight into diagnosis and management of this condition. Recent findings Previously, multiple criteria were used to define Asthma--COPD overlap. In this publication, the most recent guidelines to identify this condition have been review...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - January 30, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: OBSTRUCTIVE, OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES: Edited by Manish Joshi and Basil Varkey Source Type: research

Adherence to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines in the real world: current understanding, barriers, and solutions
Purpose of review The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) provides a comprehensive review and guidance for clinicians managing patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, adherence to GOLD guidelines has been suboptimal over the years. The current review summarizes the current body of literature addressing the multitude of reasons for the lack of adherence to GOLD guidelines in clinical practice. Recent findings There continue to be several reasons for suboptimal adoption of GOLD guidelines in clinical practice. A primary and recurrent theme appears to be both delayed...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - January 30, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: OBSTRUCTIVE, OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES: Edited by Manish Joshi and Basil Varkey Source Type: research

Occupational lung diseases in the 21st century: the changing landscape and future challenges
Purpose of review Occupational exposures remain an underrecognized and preventable cause of lung disease in high-income countries. The present review highlights the emergence of cleaning-related respiratory disease and the re-emergence of silicosis as examples of trends in occupational lung diseases in the 21st century. Recent findings Employment trends, such as the shift from large-scale manufacturing to a service economy, the growth of the healthcare sector, and changing consumer products have changed the spectrum of work-related lung diseases. Following decades of progress in reducing traditional hazards such as si...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - January 30, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: OBSTRUCTIVE, OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES: Edited by Manish Joshi and Basil Varkey Source Type: research

Coal mining and lung disease in the 21st century
Purpose of review To review the impact of coal mining and resurgence of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) in 21st century and effect of ambient air pollution on lung function. Recent findings At the beginning of 21st century, statistics by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health showed a steep rise in pneumoconiosis. This was followed by numerous epidemiologic and pathologic studies that confirmed increasing CWP prevalence as well as disease in younger miners and those with a shorter mining tenure. Recent studies have demonstrated that poor dust control in mines, a relative shift in composition of the...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - January 30, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: OBSTRUCTIVE, OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES: Edited by Manish Joshi and Basil Varkey Source Type: research

Household air pollution in India and respiratory diseases: current status and future directions
Purpose of review Combustion of solid cooking fuels employed by more than 3 billion people globally, contributes to approximately one third of ambient air pollution. In the recent past, the issue has drawn global attention because of its threat to the health of rural communities, particularly women and children. This review is focused on the evidence from India on effects of household air pollution (HAP) on respiratory health and interventions to replace the solid fuels. Recent findings HAP exposure is a major risk factor for increased respiratory symptoms, respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary dis...
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - January 30, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: OBSTRUCTIVE, OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES: Edited by Manish Joshi and Basil Varkey Source Type: research

Climate change and respiratory diseases: a 2020 perspective
This article summarizes some of those studies. Summary The clarity of our vision with respect to the dramatic impact of climate change upon human respiratory health approaches 20/20. The data represent a mandate for change. Change needs to include international, national, and individual efforts. (Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine)
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - January 30, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: OBSTRUCTIVE, OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES: Edited by Manish Joshi and Basil Varkey Source Type: research

Editorial: Acute respiratory illness caused by vaping
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine)
Source: Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine - January 30, 2020 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: OBSTRUCTIVE, OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES: Edited by Manish Joshi and Basil Varkey Source Type: research