Cholesterol Metabolism in Aging and Age-Related Disorders
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:59-78. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-091922-034237.ABSTRACTAll mammalian cell membranes contain cholesterol to maintain membrane integrity. The transport of this hydrophobic lipid is mediated by lipoproteins. Cholesterol is especially enriched in the brain, particularly in synaptic and myelin membranes. Aging involves changes in sterol metabolism in peripheral organs and also in the brain. Some of those alterations have the potential to promote or to counteract the development of neurodegenerative diseases during aging. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of general principles of sterol ...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Gesine Saher Source Type: research
Therapeutic Potential of PTB Inhibition Through Converting Glial Cells to Neurons in the Brain
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:145-165. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-083022-113120.ABSTRACTCell replacement therapy represents a promising approach for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Contrary to the common addition strategy to generate new neurons from glia by overexpressing a lineage-specific transcription factor(s), a recent study introduced a subtraction strategy by depleting a single RNA-binding protein, Ptbp1, to convert astroglia to neurons not only in vitro but also in the brain. Given its simplicity, multiple groups have attempted to validate and extend this attractive approach but have met with difficulty i...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Xiang-Dong Fu William C Mobley Source Type: research
How Do You Build a Cognitive Map? The Development of Circuits and Computations for the Representation of Space in the Brain
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:281-299. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-090922-010618.ABSTRACTIn mammals, the activity of neurons in the entorhinal-hippocampal network is modulated by the animal's position and its movement through space. At multiple stages of this distributed circuit, distinct populations of neurons can represent a rich repertoire of navigation-related variables like the animal's location, the speed and direction of its movements, or the presence of borders and objects. Working together, spatially tuned neurons give rise to an internal representation of space, a cognitive map that supports an animal's abilit...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Flavio Donato Anja Xu Schwartzlose Renan Augusto Viana Mendes Source Type: research
Cortical Integration of Vestibular and Visual Cues for Navigation, Visual Processing, and Perception
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:301-320. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-120722-100503.ABSTRACTDespite increasing evidence of its involvement in several key functions of the cerebral cortex, the vestibular sense rarely enters our consciousness. Indeed, the extent to which these internal signals are incorporated within cortical sensory representation and how they might be relied upon for sensory-driven decision-making, during, for example, spatial navigation, is yet to be understood. Recent novel experimental approaches in rodents have probed both the physiological and behavioral significance of vestibular signals and indicate...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Sepiedeh Keshavarzi Mateo Velez-Fort Troy W Margrie Source Type: research
Specialized Networks for Social Cognition in the Primate Brain
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:381-401. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-102522-121410.ABSTRACTPrimates have evolved diverse cognitive capabilities to navigate their complex social world. To understand how the brain implements critical social cognitive abilities, we describe functional specialization in the domains of face processing, social interaction understanding, and mental state attribution. Systems for face processing are specialized from the level of single cells to populations of neurons within brain regions to hierarchically organized networks that extract and represent abstract social information. Such functional s...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Ben Deen Caspar M Schwiedrzik Julia Sliwa Winrich A Freiwald Source Type: research
Neural Networks for Navigation: From Connections to Computations
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:403-423. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-110920-032645.ABSTRACTMany animals can navigate toward a goal they cannot see based on an internal representation of that goal in the brain's spatial maps. These maps are organized around networks with stable fixed-point dynamics (attractors), anchored to landmarks, and reciprocally connected to motor control. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding these networks, focusing on studies in arthropods. One factor driving recent progress is the availability of the Drosophila connectome; however, it is increasingly clear that navigation depend...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Rachel I Wilson Source Type: research
How Flies See Motion
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:17-37. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-080422-111929.ABSTRACTHow neurons detect the direction of motion is a prime example of neural computation: Motion vision is found in the visual systems of virtually all sighted animals, it is important for survival, and it requires interesting computations with well-defined linear and nonlinear processing steps-yet the whole process is of moderate complexity. The genetic methods available in the fruit fly Drosophila and the charting of a connectome of its visual system have led to rapid progress and unprecedented detail in our understanding of how neurons ...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Alexander Borst Lukas N Groschner Source Type: research
Cholesterol Metabolism in Aging and Age-Related Disorders
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:59-78. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-091922-034237.ABSTRACTAll mammalian cell membranes contain cholesterol to maintain membrane integrity. The transport of this hydrophobic lipid is mediated by lipoproteins. Cholesterol is especially enriched in the brain, particularly in synaptic and myelin membranes. Aging involves changes in sterol metabolism in peripheral organs and also in the brain. Some of those alterations have the potential to promote or to counteract the development of neurodegenerative diseases during aging. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of general principles of sterol ...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Gesine Saher Source Type: research
Therapeutic Potential of PTB Inhibition Through Converting Glial Cells to Neurons in the Brain
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:145-165. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-083022-113120.ABSTRACTCell replacement therapy represents a promising approach for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Contrary to the common addition strategy to generate new neurons from glia by overexpressing a lineage-specific transcription factor(s), a recent study introduced a subtraction strategy by depleting a single RNA-binding protein, Ptbp1, to convert astroglia to neurons not only in vitro but also in the brain. Given its simplicity, multiple groups have attempted to validate and extend this attractive approach but have met with difficulty i...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Xiang-Dong Fu William C Mobley Source Type: research
How Do You Build a Cognitive Map? The Development of Circuits and Computations for the Representation of Space in the Brain
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:281-299. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-090922-010618.ABSTRACTIn mammals, the activity of neurons in the entorhinal-hippocampal network is modulated by the animal's position and its movement through space. At multiple stages of this distributed circuit, distinct populations of neurons can represent a rich repertoire of navigation-related variables like the animal's location, the speed and direction of its movements, or the presence of borders and objects. Working together, spatially tuned neurons give rise to an internal representation of space, a cognitive map that supports an animal's abilit...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Flavio Donato Anja Xu Schwartzlose Renan Augusto Viana Mendes Source Type: research
Cortical Integration of Vestibular and Visual Cues for Navigation, Visual Processing, and Perception
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:301-320. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-120722-100503.ABSTRACTDespite increasing evidence of its involvement in several key functions of the cerebral cortex, the vestibular sense rarely enters our consciousness. Indeed, the extent to which these internal signals are incorporated within cortical sensory representation and how they might be relied upon for sensory-driven decision-making, during, for example, spatial navigation, is yet to be understood. Recent novel experimental approaches in rodents have probed both the physiological and behavioral significance of vestibular signals and indicate...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Sepiedeh Keshavarzi Mateo Velez-Fort Troy W Margrie Source Type: research
Specialized Networks for Social Cognition in the Primate Brain
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:381-401. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-102522-121410.ABSTRACTPrimates have evolved diverse cognitive capabilities to navigate their complex social world. To understand how the brain implements critical social cognitive abilities, we describe functional specialization in the domains of face processing, social interaction understanding, and mental state attribution. Systems for face processing are specialized from the level of single cells to populations of neurons within brain regions to hierarchically organized networks that extract and represent abstract social information. Such functional s...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Ben Deen Caspar M Schwiedrzik Julia Sliwa Winrich A Freiwald Source Type: research
Neural Networks for Navigation: From Connections to Computations
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:403-423. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-110920-032645.ABSTRACTMany animals can navigate toward a goal they cannot see based on an internal representation of that goal in the brain's spatial maps. These maps are organized around networks with stable fixed-point dynamics (attractors), anchored to landmarks, and reciprocally connected to motor control. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding these networks, focusing on studies in arthropods. One factor driving recent progress is the availability of the Drosophila connectome; however, it is increasingly clear that navigation depend...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Rachel I Wilson Source Type: research
How Flies See Motion
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:17-37. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-080422-111929.ABSTRACTHow neurons detect the direction of motion is a prime example of neural computation: Motion vision is found in the visual systems of virtually all sighted animals, it is important for survival, and it requires interesting computations with well-defined linear and nonlinear processing steps-yet the whole process is of moderate complexity. The genetic methods available in the fruit fly Drosophila and the charting of a connectome of its visual system have led to rapid progress and unprecedented detail in our understanding of how neurons ...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Alexander Borst Lukas N Groschner Source Type: research
Cholesterol Metabolism in Aging and Age-Related Disorders
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2023 Jul 10;46:59-78. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-091922-034237.ABSTRACTAll mammalian cell membranes contain cholesterol to maintain membrane integrity. The transport of this hydrophobic lipid is mediated by lipoproteins. Cholesterol is especially enriched in the brain, particularly in synaptic and myelin membranes. Aging involves changes in sterol metabolism in peripheral organs and also in the brain. Some of those alterations have the potential to promote or to counteract the development of neurodegenerative diseases during aging. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of general principles of sterol ...
Source: Annual Review of Neuroscience - July 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Authors: Gesine Saher Source Type: research
