What it means when animals have beliefs

(Ruhr-University Bochum) Humans are not the only ones who have beliefs; animals do too, although it is more difficult to prove them than with humans. Dr. Tobias Starzak and Professor Albert Newen from the Institute of Philosophy II at Ruhr-Universit ä t Bochum have proposed four criteria to understand and empirically investigate animal beliefs in the journal " Mind and Language " . The article was published online on 16 June 2020.
Source: EurekAlert! - Social and Behavioral Science - Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: news