Sugar-Dependent Modulation of Neuronal Development, Regeneration, and Plasticity by Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans.

Sugar-Dependent Modulation of Neuronal Development, Regeneration, and Plasticity by Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans.
Exp Neurol. 2015 Aug 24;
Authors: Miller GM, Hsieh-Wilson LC
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) play important roles in the developing and mature nervous system, where they guide axons, maintain stable connections, restrict synaptic plasticity, and prevent axon regeneration following CNS injury. The chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS GAG) chains that decorate CSPGs are essential for their functions. Through these sugar chains, CSPGs are able to bind and regulate the activity of a diverse range of proteins. CSPGs have been found both to promote and inhibit neuronal growth. They can promote neurite outgrowth by binding to various growth factors such as midkine (MK), pleiotrophin (PTN), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other neurotrophin family members. CSPGs can also inhibit neuronal growth and limit plasticity by interacting with transmembrane receptors such as protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ), leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR) receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, and the Nogo receptors 1 and 3 (NgR1 and NgR3). These CS-protein interactions depend on specific sulfation patterns within the CS GAG chains, and accordingly, particular CS sulfation motifs are upregulated during development, in the mature nervous system, and in response to CNS injury. Thus, spatiotemporal reg...

Source: Experimental Neurology - August 24, 2015 Category: Neurology Authors: Miller GM, Hsieh-Wilson LC Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research