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Acute Neurologic Manifestations of Respiratory Viruses
This article describes the most common respiratory viruses that have neurologic manifestations, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. RECENT FINDINGS In vitro and in vivo studies have better elucidated the neurotropism of various respiratory viruses. Understanding host cell receptors that mediate viral binding and entry not only demonstrates how viruses enter host cells but also provides possible mechanisms for therapeutic interventions. Elucidation of SARS-CoV-2 binding and fusion with host cells expressing the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor may also provide greater insights into its systemic an...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - October 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Acute Vestibular Syndrome
This article provides a practical approach to acute vestibular syndrome while highlighting recent research advances. RECENT FINDINGS Acute vestibular syndrome is defined as sudden-onset, continuous vertigo lasting longer than 24 hours with associated nausea and vomiting, all of which are worsened with head movement. Acute vestibular syndrome is provoked by a variety of central and peripheral causes, the most common of which are vestibular neuritis and acute stroke (posterior circulation). A clinical approach focusing on timing, associated history, and ocular motor findings can improve diagnostic accuracy and is more...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - April 1, 2021 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Update on Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
This article provides an update on the state of the art of the treatment of acute ischemic stroke with particular emphasis on the indications for reperfusion therapy. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to the previously established indications for intravenous (IV) thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) within 4.5 hours of stroke symptom onset and endovascular therapy with mechanical thrombectomy for patients with large artery occlusion who can be treated within 6 hours of symptom onset, recent randomized controlled trials have now established new indications for emergency reperfusion in patients with ...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - April 1, 2020 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
This article reviews the actual indications for mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke and how the opportunities for endovascular therapy can be expanded by using the concept of clinical-imaging or perfusion-imaging mismatch (as a surrogate for salvageable tissue) rather than time of ischemia. RECENT FINDINGS Six randomized controlled trials undoubtedly confirmed the benefits of using endovascular thrombectomy on the clinical outcome of patients with stroke with large vessel occlusion within 6 hours from symptom onset compared with those receiving only standard medical care. In a meta-analysis of...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - April 1, 2020 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults
This article reviews current knowledge on epidemiology, risk factors and causes, diagnostic considerations, management, and prognosis of ischemic stroke in young adults (those 55 years old and younger). RECENT FINDINGS The incidence of ischemic stroke in young adults has been increasing since the 1980s, which has occurred in parallel with increasing prevalence of vascular risk factors and substance abuse among the younger population. Young adults have a considerably wider range of risk factors than older patients, including age-specific factors such as pregnancy/puerperium and oral contraceptive use. Behavioral risk fac...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - April 1, 2020 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Medical Management for Secondary Stroke Prevention
This article reviews the evidence base and recommendations for medical management for secondary stroke prevention. RECENT FINDINGS Recent developments for secondary stroke prevention include evidence to support the use of short-term dual antiplatelet therapy after minor stroke and transient ischemic attack, direct oral anticoagulants for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, reversal agents for direct oral anticoagulant–associated hemorrhage, and aspirin rather than presumptive anticoagulation with a direct oral anticoagulant for embolic stroke of undetermined source. SUMMARY Most strokes are preventable. The mainstays ...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - April 1, 2020 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Surgical Approaches to Stroke Risk Reduction
This article examines the evidence for using the available options. RECENT FINDINGS Carotid endarterectomy is an effective treatment option for reducing the risk of stroke in appropriately selected patients. Patients should be stratified for future stroke risk based on both the degree of stenosis and the presence of symptoms referable to the culprit lesion. Carotid stenting is also useful in reducing stroke risk, again in carefully selected patients. Because of the publication of significant data regarding both carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting in the last several years, selection can be far more person...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - April 1, 2020 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Innovations in Prehospital Stroke Management Utilizing Mobile Stroke Units
Using a representative case, this article discusses prehospital innovations for patients with acute large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke, including mobile stroke unit care supported by advanced field imaging.
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - April 1, 2020 Category: Neurology Tags: PRACTICE ISSUES Source Type: research

Approach to Diplopia
This article provides a foundation for formulating an approach to the patient with diplopia and includes practical examples of developing the differential diagnosis, effectively using confirmatory examination techniques, determining an appropriate diagnostic strategy, and (where applicable) providing effective treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Recent population-based analyses have determined that diplopia is a common presentation in both ambulatory and emergency department settings, with 850,000 such visits occurring annually. For patients presenting to an outpatient facility, diagnoses are rarely serious. However, potentially...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - October 1, 2019 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Management of Stroke in the Neurocritical Care Unit
This article provides updated information regarding the diagnosis and treatment (specifically critical care management) of acute ischemic stroke. This article also discusses the increased use of thrombolysis and thrombectomy in clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the United States. A significant proportion of patients with acute ischemic stroke require critical care management. Much has changed in the early evaluation and treatment of patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke. The introduction of embolectomy in large vessel occlusions for up to 24 hours post–symptom ons...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - December 1, 2018 Category: Neurology Tags: REVIEW ARTICLES Source Type: research

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy and Other Neonatal Encephalopathies
ABSTRACTPURPOSE OF REVIEWNeonatal encephalopathy is the most common condition in neonates encountered by child neurologists. The etiology is most often global hypoxia-ischemia due to failure of cerebral perfusion to the fetus caused by uterine, placental, or umbilical cord compromise prior to or during delivery. Other etiologies of neonatal encephalopathy include ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage, infection, developmental anomalies, and inborn errors of metabolism.RECENT FINDINGSTherapeutic hypothermia is standard of care for the treatment of neonatal encephalopathy presumed to be caused by hypoxia-ischemia. The ...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - February 1, 2018 Category: Neurology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Evaluation and Acute Management of Ischemic Stroke in Infants and Children
This article provides an overview of stroke in neonates, infants, and children.RECENT FINDINGSArterial ischemic stroke and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis are increasingly recognized in childhood as important causes of lifelong morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis of arterial ischemic stroke is frequently delayed, as acute neurologic deficits can be challenging to detect in the young child, and stroke is often not considered in the differential diagnosis. Neurologic sequelae following stroke are common, and strategies to minimize stroke size and optimize recovery are being developed. Recurrent arterial ischemic stroke is no...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - February 1, 2018 Category: Neurology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
This article provides an update on the state of the art of the emergency treatment of acute ischemic stroke with particular emphasis on the alternatives for reperfusion therapy. Recent Findings: The results of several randomized controlled trials consistently and conclusively demonstrating that previously functional patients with disabling strokes from a proximal intracranial artery occlusion benefit from prompt recanalization with mechanical thrombectomy using a retrievable stent have changed the landscape of acute stroke therapy. Mechanical thrombectomy within 6 hours of symptom onset should now be considered the prefer...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - February 1, 2017 Category: Neurology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Diagnosis and Management of Transient Ischemic Attack
This article reviews the diagnosis, investigation, and recommended management after a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and discusses how to make an accurate diagnosis, including the diagnosis of mimics of TIAs. Recent Findings: Up to a 10% risk of recurrent stroke exists after a TIA, and up to 80% of this risk is preventable with urgent assessment and treatment. Imaging of the brain and intracranial and extracranial blood vessels using CT, CT angiography, carotid Doppler ultrasound, and MRI is an important part of the diagnostic assessment. Treatment options include anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation, carotid revascul...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - February 1, 2017 Category: Neurology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Cardioembolic Stroke
This article summarizes the different causes of cardioembolism and outlines current management guidelines. Recent Findings: Since cardioembolic stroke is not a single disease entity, its diagnosis requires initial clinical suspicion and a comprehensive evaluation, including ECG, echocardiography, brain imaging, and cardiac monitoring. Atrial fibrillation is the most common cause of cardioembolic stroke, and anticoagulation is usually recommended. This article reviews risk stratification models to assist in the decision-making process and highlights the increased use of novel oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in at...
Source: CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology - February 1, 2017 Category: Neurology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

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