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Role of Mitochondria in Cerebral Vascular Function: Energy Production, Cellular Protection, and Regulation of Vascular Tone.
Authors: Busija DW, Rutkai I, Dutta S, Katakam PV Abstract Mitochondria not only produce energy in the form of ATP to support the activities of cells comprising the neurovascular unit, but mitochondrial events, such as depolarization and/or ROS release, also initiate signaling events which protect the endothelium and neurons against lethal stresses via pre-/postconditioning as well as promote changes in cerebral vascular tone. Mitochondrial depolarization in vascular smooth muscle (VSM), via pharmacological activation of the ATP-dependent potassium channels on the inner mitochondrial membrane (mitoKATP channels), l...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - June 29, 2016 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

Contribution of Maladaptive Adipose Tissue Expansion to Development of Cardiovascular Disease.
Authors: Jia G, Jia Y, Sowers JR Abstract The overweight and obesity epidemic has led to an increase in the metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular disease (CVD). These abnormalities include insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, vascular stiffness, hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Visceral white adipocyte tissue (WAT) expansion and associated fibrosis/stiffness of WAT promote insulin resistance and CVD through increases in proinflammatory adipokines, oxidative stress, activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, dysregulation of adipocyte apoptosis and autophagy, dysfunction...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - February 1, 2017 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels and Their Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles.
Authors: Tinker A, Aziz Q, Li Y, Specterman M Abstract ATP sensitive potassium channels (KATP ) are so named because they open as cellular ATP levels fall. This leads to membrane hyperpolarization and thus links cellular metabolism to membrane excitability. They also respond to MgADP and are regulated by a number of cell signaling pathways. They have a rich and diverse pharmacology with a number of agents acting as specific inhibitors and activators. KATP channels are formed of pore-forming subunits, Kir6.1 and Kir6.2, and a large auxiliary subunit, the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1, SUR2A, and SUR2B). The Kir6.0 sub...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - September 16, 2018 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

Multi-Omic Approaches to Identify Genetic Factors in Metabolic Syndrome
Compr Physiol. 2021 Dec 29;12(1):3045-3084. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c210010.ABSTRACTMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a highly heritable disease and a major public health burden worldwide. MetS diagnosis criteria are met by the simultaneous presence of any three of the following: high triglycerides, low HDL/high LDL cholesterol, insulin resistance, hypertension, and central obesity. These diseases act synergistically in people suffering from MetS and dramatically increase risk of morbidity and mortality due to stroke and cardiovascular disease, as well as certain cancers. Each of these component features is itself a complex disease, ...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2021 Category: Physiology Authors: Karen C Clark Anne E Kwitek Source Type: research

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