Integrated Functions of Cardiac Energetics, Mechanics, and Purine Nucleotide Metabolism
Compr Physiol. 2023 Dec 29;14(1):5345-5369. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c230011.ABSTRACTPurine nucleotides play central roles in energy metabolism in the heart. Most fundamentally, the free energy of hydrolysis of the adenine nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) provides the thermodynamic driving force for numerous cellular processes including the actin-myosin crossbridge cycle. Perturbations to ATP supply and/or demand in the myocardium lead to changes in the homeostatic balance between purine nucleotide synthesis, degradation, and salvage, potentially affecting myocardial energetics and, consequently, myocardial mechanics. Inde...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Rachel Lopez-Schenk Nicole L Collins Noah A Schenk Daniel A Beard Source Type: research

Pathophysiology of Red Blood Cell Trapping in Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury
Compr Physiol. 2023 Dec 29;14(1):5325-5343. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c230010.ABSTRACTRed blood cell (RBC) trapping describes the accumulation of RBCs in the microvasculature of the kidney outer medulla that occurs following ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite its prominence in human kidneys following AKI, as well as evidence from experimental models demonstrating that the severity of RBC trapping is directly correlated with renal recovery, to date, RBC trapping has not been a primary focus in understanding the pathogenesis of ischemic kidney injury. New evidence from rodent models suggests that RBC trapping is responsible...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Sarah R McLarnon Source Type: research

Environmental Enrichment for Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanisms and Translational Implications
This article provides an overview of the enriched environment protocols used in animal models of ischemic stroke, ICH, and TBI, as well as relevant clinical studies, with a particular focus on ischemic stroke. Additionally, we explored studies of animals with stroke and TBI exposed to EE alone or in combination with multiple drugs and other rehabilitation modalities. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical applications of EE in future brain rehabilitation therapy and the molecular and cellular changes caused by EE in rodents with stroke or TBI. This article aims to advance preclinical and clinical research on EE rehabil...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Luwei Nie Jinxin He Junmin Wang Ruike Wang Leo Huang Lin Jia Yun Tai Kim Ujjal K Bhawal Xiaochong Fan Marietta Zille Chao Jiang Xuemei Chen Jian Wang Source Type: research

Mechanosensing in Metabolism
Compr Physiol. 2023 Dec 29;14(1):5269-5290. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c230005.ABSTRACTElectrical mechanosensing is a process mediated by specialized ion channels, gated directly or indirectly by mechanical forces, which allows cells to detect and subsequently respond to mechanical stimuli. The activation of mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels, intrinsically gated by mechanical forces, or mechanoresponsive (MR) ion channels, indirectly gated by mechanical forces, results in electrical signaling across lipid bilayers, such as the plasma membrane. While the functions of mechanically gated channels within a sensory context (e.g., propr...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: John D Tranter Ashutosh Kumar Vinayak K Nair Rajan Sah Source Type: research

Advanced Imaging Techniques for the Characterization of Subcellular Organelle Structure in Pancreatic Islet β Cells
Compr Physiol. 2023 Dec 29;14(1):5243-5267. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c230002.ABSTRACTType 2 diabetes (T2D) affects more than 32.3 million individuals in the United States, creating an economic burden of nearly $966 billion in 2021. T2D results from a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cell. However, genetic and physiologic data indicate that defects in β cell function are the chief determinant of whether an individual with insulin resistance will progress to a diagnosis of T2D. The subcellular organelles of the insulin secretory pathway, including the endoplasmic reticulum, ...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Madeline R McLaughlin Staci A Weaver Farooq Syed Carmella Evans-Molina Source Type: research

Renal Epithelial Mitochondria: Implications for Hypertensive Kidney Disease
This article provides a summary of the relevant knowledge of mitochondrial bioenergetics and metabolism, focuses on renal mitochondrial function, and discusses the evidence that has been accumulated regarding the role of epithelial mitochondrial bioenergetics in the development of renal tissue dysfunction in hypertension. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5225-5242, 2024.PMID:38158371 | DOI:10.1002/cphy.c220033 (Source: Comprehensive Physiology)
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Krisztian Stadler Daria V Ilatovskaya Source Type: research

Behavioral Motor Performance
Compr Physiol. 2023 Dec 29;14(1):5179-5224. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c220032.ABSTRACTThe human sensorimotor control system has exceptional abilities to perform skillful actions. We easily switch between strenuous tasks that involve brute force, such as lifting a heavy sewing machine, and delicate movements such as threading a needle in the same machine. Using a structure with different control architectures, the motor system is capable of updating its ability to perform through our daily interaction with the fluctuating environment. However, there are issues that make this a difficult computational problem for the brain to solve....
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Raz Leib Ian S Howard Matthew Millard David W Franklin Source Type: research

Integrated Functions of Cardiac Energetics, Mechanics, and Purine Nucleotide Metabolism
Compr Physiol. 2023 Dec 29;14(1):5345-5369. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c230011.ABSTRACTPurine nucleotides play central roles in energy metabolism in the heart. Most fundamentally, the free energy of hydrolysis of the adenine nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) provides the thermodynamic driving force for numerous cellular processes including the actin-myosin crossbridge cycle. Perturbations to ATP supply and/or demand in the myocardium lead to changes in the homeostatic balance between purine nucleotide synthesis, degradation, and salvage, potentially affecting myocardial energetics and, consequently, myocardial mechanics. Inde...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Rachel Lopez-Schenk Nicole L Collins Noah A Schenk Daniel A Beard Source Type: research

Pathophysiology of Red Blood Cell Trapping in Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury
Compr Physiol. 2023 Dec 29;14(1):5325-5343. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c230010.ABSTRACTRed blood cell (RBC) trapping describes the accumulation of RBCs in the microvasculature of the kidney outer medulla that occurs following ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite its prominence in human kidneys following AKI, as well as evidence from experimental models demonstrating that the severity of RBC trapping is directly correlated with renal recovery, to date, RBC trapping has not been a primary focus in understanding the pathogenesis of ischemic kidney injury. New evidence from rodent models suggests that RBC trapping is responsible...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Sarah R McLarnon Source Type: research

Environmental Enrichment for Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanisms and Translational Implications
This article provides an overview of the enriched environment protocols used in animal models of ischemic stroke, ICH, and TBI, as well as relevant clinical studies, with a particular focus on ischemic stroke. Additionally, we explored studies of animals with stroke and TBI exposed to EE alone or in combination with multiple drugs and other rehabilitation modalities. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical applications of EE in future brain rehabilitation therapy and the molecular and cellular changes caused by EE in rodents with stroke or TBI. This article aims to advance preclinical and clinical research on EE rehabil...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Luwei Nie Jinxin He Junmin Wang Ruike Wang Leo Huang Lin Jia Yun Tai Kim Ujjal K Bhawal Xiaochong Fan Marietta Zille Chao Jiang Xuemei Chen Jian Wang Source Type: research

Mechanosensing in Metabolism
Compr Physiol. 2023 Dec 29;14(1):5269-5290. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c230005.ABSTRACTElectrical mechanosensing is a process mediated by specialized ion channels, gated directly or indirectly by mechanical forces, which allows cells to detect and subsequently respond to mechanical stimuli. The activation of mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels, intrinsically gated by mechanical forces, or mechanoresponsive (MR) ion channels, indirectly gated by mechanical forces, results in electrical signaling across lipid bilayers, such as the plasma membrane. While the functions of mechanically gated channels within a sensory context (e.g., propr...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: John D Tranter Ashutosh Kumar Vinayak K Nair Rajan Sah Source Type: research

Advanced Imaging Techniques for the Characterization of Subcellular Organelle Structure in Pancreatic Islet β Cells
Compr Physiol. 2023 Dec 29;14(1):5243-5267. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c230002.ABSTRACTType 2 diabetes (T2D) affects more than 32.3 million individuals in the United States, creating an economic burden of nearly $966 billion in 2021. T2D results from a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cell. However, genetic and physiologic data indicate that defects in β cell function are the chief determinant of whether an individual with insulin resistance will progress to a diagnosis of T2D. The subcellular organelles of the insulin secretory pathway, including the endoplasmic reticulum, ...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Madeline R McLaughlin Staci A Weaver Farooq Syed Carmella Evans-Molina Source Type: research

Renal Epithelial Mitochondria: Implications for Hypertensive Kidney Disease
This article provides a summary of the relevant knowledge of mitochondrial bioenergetics and metabolism, focuses on renal mitochondrial function, and discusses the evidence that has been accumulated regarding the role of epithelial mitochondrial bioenergetics in the development of renal tissue dysfunction in hypertension. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5225-5242, 2024.PMID:38158371 | DOI:10.1002/cphy.c220033 (Source: Comprehensive Physiology)
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Krisztian Stadler Daria V Ilatovskaya Source Type: research

Behavioral Motor Performance
Compr Physiol. 2023 Dec 29;14(1):5179-5224. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c220032.ABSTRACTThe human sensorimotor control system has exceptional abilities to perform skillful actions. We easily switch between strenuous tasks that involve brute force, such as lifting a heavy sewing machine, and delicate movements such as threading a needle in the same machine. Using a structure with different control architectures, the motor system is capable of updating its ability to perform through our daily interaction with the fluctuating environment. However, there are issues that make this a difficult computational problem for the brain to solve....
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Raz Leib Ian S Howard Matthew Millard David W Franklin Source Type: research

Integrated Functions of Cardiac Energetics, Mechanics, and Purine Nucleotide Metabolism
Compr Physiol. 2023 Dec 29;14(1):5345-5369. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c230011.ABSTRACTPurine nucleotides play central roles in energy metabolism in the heart. Most fundamentally, the free energy of hydrolysis of the adenine nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) provides the thermodynamic driving force for numerous cellular processes including the actin-myosin crossbridge cycle. Perturbations to ATP supply and/or demand in the myocardium lead to changes in the homeostatic balance between purine nucleotide synthesis, degradation, and salvage, potentially affecting myocardial energetics and, consequently, myocardial mechanics. Inde...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 29, 2023 Category: Physiology Authors: Rachel Lopez-Schenk Nicole L Collins Noah A Schenk Daniel A Beard Source Type: research