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Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
CONCLUSIONS: There is no firm evidence that diet alone or physical activity alone compared to standard treatment influences the risk of T2DM and especially its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing T2DM. However, diet plus physical activity reduces or delays the incidence of T2DM in people with IGT. Data are lacking for the effect of diet plus physical activity for people with intermediate hyperglycaemia defined by other glycaemic variables. Most RCTs did not investigate patient-important outcomes. PMID: 29205264 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - December 4, 2017 Category: General Medicine Authors: Hemmingsen B, Gimenez-Perez G, Mauricio D, Roqué I Figuls M, Metzendorf MI, Richter B Tags: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Source Type: research

Replacing salt with low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women
CONCLUSIONS: When compared to regular salt, LSSS probably reduce blood pressure, non-fatal cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality slightly in adults. However, LSSS also probably increase blood potassium slightly in adults. These small effects may be important when LSSS interventions are implemented at the population level. Evidence is limited for adults without elevated blood pressure, and there is a lack of evidence in pregnant women and people in whom an increased potassium intake is known to be potentially harmful, limiting conclusions on the safety of LSSS in the general population. We also cannot draw firm...
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - August 9, 2022 Category: General Medicine Authors: Amanda Brand Marianne E Visser Anel Schoonees Celeste E Naude Source Type: research

Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the most extensive systematic assessment of effects of omega-3 fats on cardiovascular health to date. Moderate- and high-quality evidence suggests that increasing EPA and DHA has little or no effect on mortality or cardiovascular health (evidence mainly from supplement trials). Previous suggestions of benefits from EPA and DHA supplements appear to spring from trials with higher risk of bias. Low-quality evidence suggests ALA may slightly reduce CVD event risk, CHD mortality and arrhythmia. PMID: 30019766 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - July 18, 2018 Category: General Medicine Authors: Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, Deane KH, AlAbdulghafoor FK, Summerbell CD, Worthington HV, Song F, Hooper L Tags: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Source Type: research

Intermittent fasting for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent fasting was seen to be superior to ad libitum feeding in reducing weight. However, this was not clinically significant. There was no significant clinical difference between IF and CER in improving cardiometabolic risk factors to reduce the risk of CVD. Further research is needed to understand the safety and risk-benefit analysis of IF in specific patient groups (e.g. patients with diabetes or eating disorders) as well as the effect on longer-term outcomes such as all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction. PMID: 33512717 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - January 29, 2021 Category: General Medicine Authors: Allaf M, Elghazaly H, Mohamed OG, Fareen MFK, Zaman S, Salmasi AM, Tsilidis K, Dehghan A Tags: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Source Type: research

Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
CONCLUSIONS: There is currently no evidence available regarding the effect of low GI diets on cardiovascular disease events. Moreover, there is currently no convincing evidence that low GI diets have a clear beneficial effect on blood lipids or blood pressure parameters. PMID: 28759107 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - July 31, 2017 Category: General Medicine Authors: Clar C, Al-Khudairy L, Loveman E, Kelly SA, Hartley L, Flowers N, Germanò R, Frost G, Rees K Tags: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Source Type: research

Whole grain cereals for the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence from RCTs of an effect of whole grain diets on cardiovascular outcomes or on major CVD risk factors such as blood lipids and blood pressure. Trials were at unclear or high risk of bias with small sample sizes and relatively short-term interventions, and the overall quality of the evidence was low. There is a need for well-designed, adequately powered RCTs with longer durations assessing cardiovascular events as well as cardiovascular risk factors. PMID: 28836672 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - August 24, 2017 Category: General Medicine Authors: Kelly SA, Hartley L, Loveman E, Colquitt JL, Jones HM, Al-Khudairy L, Clar C, Germanò R, Lunn HR, Frost G, Rees K Tags: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Source Type: research

Omega-6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the most extensive systematic assessment of effects of omega-6 fats on cardiovascular health, mortality, lipids and adiposity to date, using previously unpublished data. We found no evidence that increasing omega-6 fats reduces cardiovascular outcomes other than MI, where 53 people may need to increase omega-6 fat intake to prevent 1 person from experiencing MI. Although benefits of omega-6 fats remain to be proven, increasing omega-6 fats may be of benefit in people at high risk of MI. Increased omega-6 fats reduce serum total cholesterol but not other blood fat fractions or adiposity. PMID: 3001...
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - July 18, 2018 Category: General Medicine Authors: Hooper L, Al-Khudairy L, Abdelhamid AS, Rees K, Brainard JS, Brown TJ, Ajabnoor SM, O'Brien AT, Winstanley LE, Donaldson DH, Song F, Deane KH Tags: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Source Type: research

Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite the relatively large number of studies included in this review, there is still some uncertainty regarding the effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on clinical endpoints and CVD risk factors for both primary and secondary prevention. The quality of evidence for the modest benefits on CVD risk factors in primary prevention is low or moderate, with a small number of studies reporting minimal harms. There is a paucity of evidence for secondary prevention. The ongoing studies may provide more certainty in the future. PMID: 30864165 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - March 12, 2019 Category: General Medicine Authors: Rees K, Takeda A, Martin N, Ellis L, Wijesekara D, Vepa A, Das A, Hartley L, Stranges S Tags: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Source Type: research

Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this updated review suggest that reducing saturated fat intake for at least two years causes a potentially important reduction in combined cardiovascular events. Replacing the energy from saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat or carbohydrate appear to be useful strategies, while effects of replacement with monounsaturated fat are unclear. The reduction in combined cardiovascular events resulting from reducing saturated fat did not alter by study duration, sex or baseline level of cardiovascular risk, but greater reduction in saturated fat caused greater reductions in cardiovascular events. ...
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - May 18, 2020 Category: General Medicine Authors: Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS Tags: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Source Type: research

Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
CONCLUSIONS: Pioglitazone reduced or delayed the development of T2DM in people at increased risk of T2DM compared with placebo (low-certainty evidence) and compared with no intervention (moderate-certainty evidence). It is unclear whether the effect of pioglitazone is sustained once discontinued. Pioglitazone compared with metformin neither showed advantage nor disadvantage regarding the development of T2DM in people at increased risk (low-certainty evidence). The data and reporting of all-cause mortality, SAEs, micro- and macrovascular complications were generally sparse. None of the included studies reported on QoL or so...
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - November 19, 2020 Category: General Medicine Authors: Ipsen EØ, Madsen KS, Chi Y, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Richter B, Metzendorf MI, Hemmingsen B Tags: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Source Type: research

Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension
CONCLUSIONS: An increase in calcium intake slightly reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in normotensive people, particularly in young people, suggesting a role in the prevention of hypertension. The effect across multiple prespecified subgroups and a possible dose response effect reinforce this conclusion. Even small reductions in blood pressure could have important health implications for reducing vascular disease. A 2 mmHg lower systolic blood pressure is predicted to produce about 10% lower stroke mortality and about 7% lower mortality from ischaemic heart disease. There is a great need for adequately-pow...
Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - October 25, 2021 Category: General Medicine Authors: Gabriela Cormick Agust ín Ciapponi Mar ía Luisa Cafferata Mar ía Sol Cormick Jos é M Belizán Source Type: research

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