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Maternal n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Enriched Diet Commands Fatty Acid Composition in Postnatal Brain and Protects from Neonatal Arterial Focal Stroke
In conclusion, maternal/postnatal n-3 enriched diet markedly rearranges neonatal brain lipid composition and modulates the response to ischemia. While standard diet is sufficient to maintain low levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines under physiological condition s, n-3 PUFA enriched diet, but not standard diet, attenuates increases of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in ischemic-reperfused regions and protects from neonatal stroke.Graphic Abstract
Source: Translational Stroke Research - October 21, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Plasma Kallikrein Contributes to Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Hypertension in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
This report investigates the role of PKa on hemorrhage and hypertension in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). SHRSP were fed with a high salt –containing stroke-prone diet to increase blood pressure and induce intracerebral hemorrhage. The roles of PKa on blood pressure, hemorrhage, and survival in SHRSP were examined in rats receiving a PKa inhibitor or plasma prekallikrein antisense oligonucleotide (PK ASO) compared with rats receivin g control ASO. Effects on PKa on the proteolytic cleavage of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. We show that SHRSP on high-salt...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - July 9, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Deferoxamine Treatment Prevents Post-Stroke Vasoregression and Neurovascular Unit Remodeling Leading to Improved Functional Outcomes in Type 2 Male Diabetic Rats: Role of Endothelial Ferroptosis
This study aimed to determine the impact of iron chelation with deferoxamine (DFX) on (1) cerebral vascularization patterns and (2) functional outcomes after stroke in control and diabetic rats. After 8  weeks of type 2 diabetes induced by a combination of high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin, male control and diabetic animals were subjected to thromboembolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and randomized to vehicle, DFX, or tPA/DFX and followed for 14 days with behavioral tests. Vas cular indices (vascular volume and surface area), neurovascular remodeling (AQP4 polarity), and microglia activation were meas...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - August 31, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Obesity Drives Delayed Infarct Expansion, Inflammation, and Distinct Gene Networks in a Mouse Stroke Model
AbstractObesity is associated with chronic peripheral inflammation, is a risk factor for stroke, and causes increased infarct sizes. To characterize how obesity increases infarct size, we fed a high-fat diet to wild-type C57BL/6J mice for either 6  weeks or 15 weeks and then induced distal middle cerebral artery strokes. We found that infarct expansion happened late after stroke. There were no differences in cortical neuroinflammation (astrogliosis, microgliosis, or pro-inflammatory cytokines) either prior to or 10 h after stroke, and also no differences in stroke size at 10 h. However, by 3 days after stroke, animals...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - June 24, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Mfsd2a Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption After Sub-arachnoid Hemorrhage by Inhibiting Caveolae-Mediated Transcellular Transport in Rats
In this study, a prechiasmatic cistern single-injection model was used to produce experimental SAH in Sprague-Dawley rats. Specific small-interfering RNA and plasmids were used to downregulate and upregulate the expression of Mfsd2a prior to assessments in our SAH model. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency diet was used to reduce DHA in rat brain. The expression level of Mfsd2a decreased significantly after SAH and reached its lowest level at 72  h post-SAH, which then gradually recovered. At 72 h after SAH, BBB function was disrupted; upregulation of Mfsd2a reversed this damage, whereas downregulation of Mfsd2a exacerbated th...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - January 5, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Delayed Administration of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor (AT2R) Agonist Compound 21 Prevents the Development of Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment in Diabetes Through the Modulation of Microglia Polarization
AbstractA disabling consequence of stroke is cognitive impairment, occurring in 12% –48% of patients, for which there is no therapy. A critical barrier is the lack of understanding of how post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) develops. While 70% of stroke victims present with comorbid diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, the limited use of comorbid disease models in prec linical research further contributes to this lack of progress. To this end, we used a translational model of diabetes to study the development of PSCI. In addition, we evaluated the application of compound 21 (C21), an angiotensin II Type 2 rece...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - December 2, 2019 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Neuroprotection Induced by Energy and Protein-Energy Undernutrition Is Phase-Dependent After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice
AbstractMalnutrition predisposes to poor stroke outcome. In animal models, undernutrition protected against ischemic injury in some, but not in other studies. In view of diverse stroke models and food restriction paradigms, the consequences of undernutrition are poorly understood. Herein, we exposed mice to energy-reduced and protein-energy-reduced diets for 7 –30 days and subsequently induced intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Undernutrition phase dependently influenced ischemic injury. Short-lasting 7 days of protein-energy undernutrition, but not energy undernutrition, decreased post-ischemic brain leuko...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - March 17, 2019 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

The Dysphagia in Stroke Protocol Reduces Aspiration Pneumonia in Patients with Dysphagia Following Acute Stroke: a Clinical Audit
AbstractCough reflex testing has been evaluated as a component of the clinical swallowing assessment as a means of identifying patients at risk of aspiration during swallowing. A previous study by our research group found good sensitivity and specificity of the cough reflex test for identifying patients at risk of aspiration post-stroke, yet its use did not decrease pneumonia rates, contrary to previous reports. The aim of this study was to expand on our earlier work by implementing a clinical management protocol incorporating cough reflex testing within the same healthcare setting and compare patient outcomes to those fro...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - March 30, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Protein-Energy Malnutrition Exacerbates Stroke-Induced Forelimb Abnormalities and Dampens Neuroinflammation
AbstractProtein-energy malnutrition (PEM) pre-existing at stroke onset is believed to worsen functional outcome, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Since brain inflammation is an important modulator of neurological recovery after stroke, we explored the impact of PEM on neuroinflammation in the acute period in relation to stroke-initiated sensori-motor abnormalities. Adult rats were fed a low-protein (LP) or normal protein (NP) diet for 28  days before inducing photothrombotic stroke (St) in the forelimb region of the motor cortex or sham surgery; the diets continued for 3 days after the stroke. Prot...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - February 3, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Route of Feeding as a Proxy for Dysphagia After Stroke and the Effect of Transdermal Glyceryl Trinitrate: Data from the Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke Randomised Controlled Trial
AbstractPost-stroke dysphagia is common, associated with poor outcome and often requires non-oral feeding/fluids. The relationship between route of feeding and outcome, as well as treatment with glyceryl trinitrate(GTN), was studied prospectively. The Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke (ENOS) trial assessed transdermal GTN (5  mg versus none for 7 days) in 4011 patients with acute stroke and high blood pressure. Feeding route (oral = normal or soft diet; non-oral = nasogastric tube, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube, parenteral fluids, no fluids) was assessed at baseline and day 7. The primary outcome was the mo d...
Source: Translational Stroke Research - August 2, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research