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The Key Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Detection of Neurodegenerative Diseases-Associated Biomarkers: A Review
AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including chronic disease such as Alzheimer ’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, and acute diseases like traumatic brain injury and ischemic stroke are characterized by progressive degeneration, brain tissue damage and loss of neurons, accompanied by behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions. So far , there are no complete cures for NDs; thus, early and timely diagnoses are essential and beneficial to patients’ treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become one of the advanced medical imaging techniques widely used in the clinic...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - July 12, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Recent Synergy of Nanodiamonds: Role in Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery for the Management of Neurological Disorders
AbstractThe aim of the present review article is to summarize the role of nanodiamonds in various neurological diseases. We have taken related literature of making this review article from ScienceDirect, springer, Research gate, PubMed, Sci-finder, etc. The current approaches for treating neurological conditions such as glioblastoma includes chemotherapy or combination anti-retro viral therapy for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or use of anti-Alzheimer drugs during cognitive impairment. These approaches can provide only symptomatic relief as they do not target the cause of the disease due to their inability to penetrat...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - May 27, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Retinoid X Receptor: Cellular and Biochemical Roles of Nuclear Receptor with a Focus on Neuropathological Involvement
AbstractRetinoid X receptors (RXRs) present a subgroup of the nuclear receptor superfamily with particularly high evolutionary conservation of ligand binding domain. The receptor exists in α, β, and γ isotypes that form homo-/heterodimeric complexes with other permissive and non-permissive receptors. While research has identified the biochemical roles of several nuclear receptor family members, the roles of RXRs in various neurological disorders remain relatively under-investigated . RXR acts as ligand-regulated transcription factor, modulating the expression of genes that plays a critical role in mediating several deve...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - January 11, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Lactate: More Than Merely a Metabolic Waste Product in the Inner Retina
AbstractThe retina is an extension of the central nervous system and has been considered to be a simplified, more tractable and accessible version of the brain for a variety of neuroscience investigations. The optic nerve displays changes in response to underlying neurodegenerative diseases, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer ’s disease, as well as inner retinal neurodegenerative disease, e.g., glaucoma. Neurodegeneration has increasingly been linked to dysfunctional energy metabolism or conditions in which the energy supply does not meet the demand. Likewise, increasing lactate levels have been correlated...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - January 7, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Molecular Insights into NR4A2(Nurr1): an Emerging Target for Neuroprotective Therapy Against Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Cell Death
AbstractNR4A2 is a nuclear receptor and a transcription factor, with distinctive physiological features. In the cell nuclei of the central nervous system, it is widely expressed and identified as a crucial regulator of dopaminergic (DA) neuronal differentiation, survival, and maintenance. Importantly, it has regulated different genes crucial for dopaminergic signals, and its expression has been diminished in both aged and PD post-mortem brains and reduced in PD patients. In microglia and astrocytes, the expression of NR4A2 has been found where it can be capable of inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory mediators; hen...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - January 25, 2019 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

MMP-12, a Promising Therapeutic Target for Neurological Diseases
AbstractThe role of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, and asthma is well established. Several new studies and recent reports from our laboratory and others highlighted the detrimental role of MMP-12 in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases. In this review, we discuss in detail the pathological role of MMP-12 and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to disease pathogenesis in the context of central nervous system diseases such as stroke, spinal cord injury, and multiple sclero...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - February 1, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

The Neuro-Immune Pathophysiology of Central and Peripheral Fatigue in Systemic Immune-Inflammatory and Neuro-Immune Diseases
Abstract Many patients with systemic immune-inflammatory and neuro-inflammatory disorders, including depression, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s disease, cancer, cardiovascular disorder, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis, endure pathological levels of fatigue. The aim of this narrative review is to delineate the wide array of pathways that may underpin the incapacitating fatigue occurring in systemic and neuro-inflammatory disorders. A wide array of immune, inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - January 20, 2015 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

From Chemotherapy-Induced Emesis to Neuroprotection: Therapeutic Opportunities for 5-HT 3 Receptor Antagonists
Abstract 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are extensively used as efficacious agents in counteracting chemotherapy-induced emesis. Recent investigations have shed light on other potential effects (analgesic, anxiolytic, and anti-psychotic). Some studies have reported neuroprotective properties for the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in vitro and in vivo. When administered to Aβ-challenged rat cortical neurons, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists substantially abated apoptosis, elevation of cytosolic Ca2, glutamate release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and caspase-3 activity. In addition, in vivo studies show that 5-HT3 ...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - November 7, 2014 Category: Neurology Source Type: research