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Neuroprotective Effects of Phenolic Antioxidant Tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) in Brain Diseases
This article reviews the effects of tBHQ on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in recent years and looks into how tBHQ inhibits neuroinflammation and oxidative stress through human, animal, and cell experiments to play a neuroprotective role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stroke, depression, and Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is anticipated that this article will be useful as a reference for upcoming research and the creation of drugs to treat brain diseases.
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - August 10, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Activation of CREB-BDNF Pathway in Pyramidal Neurons in the Hippocampus Improves the Neurological Outcome of Mice with Ischemic Stroke
In this study, overexpression of CREB protein in pyramidal neurons in vCA1 by AAV virus significantly upregulated the content of BDNF and ameliorated the dysfunction induced by ischemic stroke. Our results demonstrated activation of the CREB-BDNF pathway in vCA1 pyramidal neurons significantly improved neurological deficits, pain perception, anxiety, and depression induced by ischemic stroke.
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - March 3, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Phenothiazine Inhibits Neuroinflammation and Inflammasome Activation Independent of Hypothermia After Ischemic Stroke
In conclusion, C + P treatment conferred neuroprotection in stroke by suppressing neuroinflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The present study suggests that JAK2/STAT3/p38/HIF-1α/FoxO1 are vital regulators and potential targets for efficacious therapy following ischemic stroke.
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - August 29, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Adenosine Signaling and Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of Glutamate AMPA Receptors in Delayed Hypoxic Injury in Rat Hippocampus: Role of Casein Kinase 2
AbstractChronic adenosine A1R stimulation in hypoxia leads to persistent hippocampal synaptic depression, while unopposed adenosine A2AR receptor stimulation during hypoxia/reperfusion triggers adenosine-induced post-hypoxia synaptic potentiation (APSP) and increased neuronal death. Still, the mechanisms responsible for this adenosine-mediated neuronal damage following hypoxia need to be fully elucidated. We tested the hypothesis that A1R and A2AR regulation by protein kinase casein kinase 2 (CK2) and clathrin-dependent endocytosis of AMPARs both contribute to APSPs and neuronal damage. The APSPs following a 20-min hypoxia...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - January 7, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Apoptosis Following Cortical Spreading Depression in Juvenile Rats
AbstractRepetitive cortical spreading depression (CSD) can lead to cell death in immature brain tissue. Caspases are involved in neuronal cell death in several CSD-related neurological disorders, such as stroke and epilepsy. Yet, whether repetitive CSD itself can induce caspase activation in adult or juvenile tissue remains unknown. Inducing repetitive CSD in somatosensory cortices of juvenile and adult rats in vivo, we thus aimed to investigate the effect of repetitive CSD on the expression caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-12 in different brain regions using immunohistochemistry and western blotting techniques...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - April 4, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Combination of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Homocysteine Predicts the Post-Stroke Depression in Patients with Ischemic Stroke
In this study, we examined the changes in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) and homocysteine (HCY) levels, two of the risk factors, during the acute period of ischemic stroke (IS) and evaluated the relationship between these two factors and long-term post-stroke depression (PSD). In this study, 259 patients with IS had finished the follow-up and were included. Based on the symptoms, diagnoses of depression were made in accordance with DSM-IV criteria for depression at 1  year after stroke. The influence of Hs-CRP/CHY levels on PSD was performed by binary logistic regression analysis and receiver operating chara...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - March 8, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Brain Photobiomodulation Therapy: a Narrative Review
This article reviews the state-of-the-art preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of brain PBM therapy.
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - January 11, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

A Tale of the Good and Bad: Remodeling of the Microtubule Network in the Brain by Cdk5
Abstract Cdk5, a cyclin-dependent kinase family member, is a global orchestrator of neuronal cytoskeletal dynamics. During embryogenesis, Cdk5 is indispensable for brain development. In adults, it is essential for numerous neuronal processes, including higher cognitive functions such as learning and memory formation, drug addiction, pain signaling, and long-term behavior changes through long-term potentiation and long-term depression, all of which rely on rapid alterations in the cytoskeleton. Cdk5 activity becomes deregulated in various brain disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Hunt...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - March 5, 2016 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Elevated Serum Levels of Neopterin at Admission Predicts Depression After Acute Ischemic Stroke: a 6-Month Follow-Up Study
Abstract Inflammation and cell-mediated immune activation are attributed to the pathogenesis and pathophysiology in depression. Our aim was to test the possible association between serum levels of neopterin and the development of post-stroke depression (PSD) in Chinese patients. The subjects were first-ever acute ischemic stroke patients who were hospitalized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University during the period from December 2012 to December 2013. Clinical information and stroke severity were collected at admission. Neurological and neuropsychological evaluations were conducted at the ...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - June 4, 2015 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Serum Levels of High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein at Admission Are More Strongly Associated with Poststroke Depression in Acute Ischemic Stroke than Homocysteine Levels
Abstract Inflammatory processes have fundamental roles in depression. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) and homocysteine (HCY) at admission to the presence of poststroke depression (PSD). From December 2012 to December 2013, first-ever acute ischemic stroke patients who were admitted to the hospital within the first 24 h after stroke onset were consecutively recruited and followed up for 6 months. Serum levels of Hs-CRP and HCY were tested at admission. Based on the symptoms, diagnoses of depression were made in accordance with DSM-IV...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - May 5, 2015 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Serotonin Transporter Gene 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism as a Protective Factor Against the Progression of Post-Stroke Depression
In this study, we have performed a comprehensive meta-analysis in order to evaluate the effects of 5-HTT and BDNF polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR, STin2 VNTR, 5-HTR2a 102 T/C, Val66Met) on genetic risk of PSD. Human case-control trials were identified by computer-assisted and manual searches. The article search was performed until October 2014. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the fixed effects meta-analysis to measure the effects 5-HTT and BDNF polymorphisms exerted on PSD. We also performed test of heterogeneity, test of publication bias, and sensitivity analysis to examine the reliab...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - February 21, 2015 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

The Neuro-Immune Pathophysiology of Central and Peripheral Fatigue in Systemic Immune-Inflammatory and Neuro-Immune Diseases
Abstract Many patients with systemic immune-inflammatory and neuro-inflammatory disorders, including depression, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s disease, cancer, cardiovascular disorder, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis, endure pathological levels of fatigue. The aim of this narrative review is to delineate the wide array of pathways that may underpin the incapacitating fatigue occurring in systemic and neuro-inflammatory disorders. A wide array of immune, inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - January 20, 2015 Category: Neurology Source Type: research